https://www.gahr.ir/ Geography and Human Relationships en daily 1 Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.gahr.ir/article_252858.html Digital transformation and the spread of the Internet of Things have changed the approach of organizations towards human resource management and moved from management based on periodic reports to data-driven and intelligent management. In this approach, data related to employees and the workplace are continuously collected and analyzed and can be the basis for more accurate decision-making by managers. In the meantime, wireless sensor networks can be used as an infrastructure for continuous collection of information related to employees and the workplace and provide the possibility of monitoring environmental conditions, employee presence and activity, and equipment status. Thus, the use of these technologies can help increase the speed of access to information, improve monitoring, and improve the efficiency of human resource management processes.The research findings showed that the Internet of Things can affect human resource technologies, activities, and roles and pave the way for the formation of intelligent human resource management. Also, combining wireless sensor networks and mobile sinks with human resource management systems can reduce energy consumption, improve the continuity and quality of access to employee data, and provide the basis for data-driven decision-making in human resource management.Conclusion: Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study show that the use of the Internet of Things and wireless sensor networks, along with the use of mobile sinks, can provide a suitable platform for the development of intelligent and data-driven human resource management. By improving the way data is collected and transmitted, reducing energy consumption, and increasing the continuity of access to information, this combination allows managers to better monitor work processes and make more accurate decisions. Therefore, the targeted use of these technologies can be an effective step towards increasing the efficiency and intelligence of human resource management processes. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243293.html During the early 1960s, and particularly after the establishment of Sazman Jalbe Syahan in May 1963 under the Prime Minister’s Office, the Pahlavi state pursued a tourism development policy driven primarily by economic objectives and revenue generation. In line with this national strategy, the Mazandaran provincial office focused for nearly a decade—up to 1972—on the construction of tourism-related infrastructure through the implementation of various development projects.However, with the commencement of the Fifth Development Plan on 1 Farvardin 1352 (21 March 1973), the mission of the organization underwent a significant shift. Reflecting the plan’s emphasis on improving the quality of services offered to tourists, the Mazandaran office redirected its efforts from infrastructure building toward advisory and regulatory functions. Accordingly, this study, drawing on archival documents and employing the historical research method, seeks to answer the following question: What were the concrete indicators of the transformation of the Mazandaran office’s performance toward advisory and supervisory roles as a result of the implementation of the Fifth Development Plan during the second Pahlavi era?The findings indicate that, in response to the directives articulated in the Fifth Development Plan—which stressed the enhancement of service quality in the tourism sector—the Mazandaran office adopted several advisory and regulatory measures. These included the development of visitor satisfaction survey forms, the standardization of food and beverage menus in hospitality establishments, the classification of tourist accommodation units, the monitoring of prices and prevention of overcharging, and the enforcement of health and sanitation inspections across lodging and dining facilities. Collectively, these measures demonstrate the organization’s transition from infrastructural development to a more supervisory and guidance oriented role during this period. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245882.html The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of place-based education on geographical literacy and environmental knowledge and attitude of sixth-grade elementary school female students in Aliabad Katul County. This research was applied in terms of purpose and employed a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all sixth-grade female elementary students in this county during the 2025-2026 academic year, from which 50 students were randomly selected and equally assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a place-based education program consisting of 10 sessions, while the control group received conventional instruction. The research instruments included the Geographical Literacy Questionnaire (Dickmannly, 2014) and the Environmental Knowledge and Attitude Scale (Leeming, Dyer & Bracken, 1995). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed that place-based education had a significant effect on the components of geographical literacy, including the ability to recognize spatial location, spatial critical thinking, and place-based judgment. Furthermore, this training significantly increased students' environmental knowledge and attitude. The findings indicate the strong role of the place-based education program in explaining the observed differences between the groups. Based on the results, it can be concluded that place-based education, by providing experiential learning opportunities and connecting the school with the local environment and community, can be an effective approach for enhancing geographical literacy and fostering environmental attitudes and knowledge in elementary school students. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224151.html Given the increasing rural population and the need to raise the income level of residents, the development of rural businesses is an inevitable necessity. In previous research, 7 second-order factors and 21 First-Order factors were found as components, including 1-location and consistent proximity of production and display 2-principles of Business Architecture 3-tourism processing and sale of silk, wood and ... 4-the proximity of the housing to the living space 5-the substitution of the ecological and processing on the path .... At this point, the question is, what is the structural relationship model? The method of solidarity with the implementation of the survey, the statistical community of rural and tourism producers, the volume and tools of the sample 180 questionnaire package of the SPSS 20 and amos24 software path Analysis tool . Implementation steps 1-preparation of the initial model using the results of Factor Analysis 2-insertion of the model in the software environment 3 - trial and error until the initial model can be evaluated 4-correction of indicators and achievement of a desirable model 5 - analysis of the final model and its components. After inserting the model into Amos, a measurable initial model was achieved by removing some variables and changing relationships. The correction went so far that the evaluable model and the correction of its indicators became a desirable model. In this direction, 2 main factors and 8 sub-factors were removed or moved. Finally, after modifying the Model taken from the first and second order factor analysis, the final structural model of the research consisted of 5 factors of development and support of the village, the combination of living space and Indigenous tourism, priority sales processing, external architecture at the average time of scale and interior architecture of micro-scale indigenous equipment was determined. https://www.gahr.ir/article_232709.html This study investigates the role of social entrepreneurship in fostering sustainable urban tourism development, focusing on the city of Mashhad, Iran. As one of the most significant pilgrimage and cultural destinations in the Middle East, Mashhad faces both opportunities and challenges in integrating social entrepreneurship into its tourism sector. The research emphasizes that tourism, when guided by principles of sustainability, justice, altruism, and community participation, can create profound socio-economic and cultural benefits. However, it also identifies the structural weaknesses and management issues that currently hinder the full realization of these opportunities. Methodologically, the research is applied in purpose, descriptive-analytical in nature, and survey-based in design. The statistical population included residents of Mashhad during the period from December 2023 to June 2024, reflecting a comprehensive timeframe that captures diverse seasonal dynamics of tourism in the city. Data were collected through a combination of documentary sources and field surveys using a structured questionnaire. Based on Cochran’s formula, 384 valid responses were obtained after eliminating incomplete cases, ensuring representativeness and reliability of the data. Reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha, with most variables surpassing the acceptable threshold of 0.7, ensuring robust internal consistency, except for social education, which showed slightly weaker reliability but remained within an acceptable range for exploratory research. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and SmartPLS software, applying both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The analytical results fully support the main hypothesis that social entrepreneurship positively affects sustainable tourism development. All sub-hypotheses confirm significant relationships between sustainable tourism and social trust, altruism, innovative behaviors, enhanced security, social education, employment and empowerment, as well as social dynamism with value creation. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245182.html With the rapid growth of urbanization in developing countries, less attention has been paid to the quality of public spaces and the role of human presence in enhancing the vibrancy of urban environments. In this study, social vitality is defined as the active and voluntary presence of citizens in urban spaces and their ability to engage in social activities at different times and places. On the other hand, a residential environment can provide satisfaction when it meets the residents’ needs in social, economic, and physical dimensions. The present study aims to investigate the role of social vitality in residents’ satisfaction with the quality of the residential environment in two neighborhoods of Sabzevar city with different spatial structures: Sardeh (an old neighborhood) and Andisheh Town (a new neighborhood). The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the required data were collected through documentary research and field surveys using a questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software through descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including one-sample t-test, equality of variances test, mean comparison test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results show a significant positive relationship between social vitality and satisfaction with the quality of the residential environment. Also, there is no significant difference in the level of social vitality between the two neighborhoods, with both having moderate levels. Furthermore, the findings indicate a significant relationship between variables such as age and employment status and the level of social vitality, while no significant relationship was found for gender, education level, and monthly income. https://www.gahr.ir/article_197970.html ما در این پژوهش ابتدا با بررسی ادبیات و مبانی نظری پژوهش های قبلی ابعاد تاب آوری شهری را شناسایی کردیم و بدون در نظر گرفتن سوانح طبیعی برای رتبه بندی ابعاد تاب آوری و مولفه های این ابعاد در شهر بهبهان پرسشنامه ای بین متخصصان شهری توزیع و جمع آوری کردیم که از تجزیه و تحلیل داده های بدست آمده با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSS ابتدا با آزمون اسمیرنوف و شاپیرو ویلک نرمال بودن داده ها را تایید کردیم و سپس با آزمون تی تک نمونه به رتبه بندی ابعاد تاب آوری پرداخته ایم که نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد که بعد اجتماعی- فرهنگی با میانگین 08/5 به عنوان بعد پیشران در تاب آوری شهر بهبهان از وضعیت مطلوبی برخورد دار است و سایر ابعاد به ترتیب رتبه میانگین عبارتند از:بعد زیست محیطی با میانگین38/4،بعد اقتصادی با میانگین30/4،بعد نهادی- مدیریتی با میانگین00/4 ونهایتا بعد زیر ساختی با میانگین 82/3 که میانگین آنها از عدد 5 که میانگین مفروض ما است کمتر می باشند. https://www.gahr.ir/article_201248.html Urban landscapes are one of the most important urban spaces and can play an important role in the health of citizens. Based on this, the aim of this research is to analyze and identify the indicators of health-oriented urban landscape planning and design. In order to achieve the goal of the research, library resources were used to write the introduction and semi-structured interviews with experts in two stages to determine the indicators, and the statistical population consisted of 18 experts. In the first interview, the indicators were obtained, then in the second interview, the importance of the indicators was determined by forming the actor-objective matrix. Next, the obtained data were analyzed in Mactor and Atlas TI software. The results showed that the indicators of improving social interactions, the beauty of spaces, the desirability of spaces, human-centeredness of spaces and fair access to urban parks are the most important and the index of providing conditions for cultural and artistic activities is the least important index in planning and designing a health-oriented urban landscape. In general, it can be stated that urban planners and designers should pay special attention to the indicators presented in the present research and based on prioritization for planning and designing a health-oriented urban landscape So that by creating a desirable urban landscape, they can gain the satisfaction of the citizens and protect their health in various aspects. https://www.gahr.ir/article_201695.html Geotourism means geographic tourism that emphasizes geological and geomorphological features as the basis of all human activities and geographical features. The aim of this research is to measure the geotourism and geomorphological capacities of the touristic villages of Shiraz city using the Kobalikova model and Violet model. For this purpose, three geotourism areas including: Qalat, Chehl Cheshme Koroni, and Dashtak have been selected. In the current research, the Kubalikova model, which emphasizes scientific, educational, economic, and conservation criteria, was used, as well as the Fiolet model, which examines geotourist areas based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and access status. The results showed that according to the Kubalikova model, Dashtak geotourist area (3.39) has the highest score compared to other geotourist areas, and also the results from Fiolet model showed that among the geotourist areas, Dashtak village with a score of (8.86) It has various capabilities compared to other regions from the total of effective objects. Chehl Cheshme village got the lowest score in the results of the Kobalikova model and the lowest score in the geopark (tourism) model (7.38). The results obtained from the combination of Violet's model showed that Dashtak geotourism area has favorable conditions for the development and attraction of tourists in Shiraz city. Therefore, it can be concluded that by identifying and creating facilities in the geotourist areas of Shiraz city, it will lead to the attraction of tourists and the development of welfare infrastructures. https://www.gahr.ir/article_201696.html Tourism is travel for pleasure or business. It also means the theory and practice of tourism, business, attraction, accommodation and entertainment of tourists and business related to holding a tour. The aim of the current research is to analyze the capacities of geomorphological and geotourism destinations in the target villages of Talash city. The method used in this research will be based on two geotourism models, Hadzik and National Park. In the dynamic model, three main scientific indicators, surplus and vulnerability are used to estimate the geotourism potential. In the national park method, geomorphosites and landforms are selected according to the four criteria of origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and the general condition of access from the national park for study and evaluation. The evaluation results in the dynamic mode based on the geotourism scientific value of the regions according to the experts show that among the sub-indices of the scientific value of Marian in terms of the index, rarity at the regional level with a value of 4.36 has gained the most points. Marian has obtained the highest score for the color contrast index with the value of 0.83 and the lowest score for the sensitivity and fragility index with the value of 0.31. Therefore, it is concluded that based on the two assessment models, Merian and Metesh regions have suitable potentials for the development of tourism in the villages of the study area, and finally, it is suggested to investigate human factors in the development of the study area in future studies. https://www.gahr.ir/article_201733.html Heavy rains are one of the main climate hazards that cause enormous damage to the human environment yearly. The identification of this natural hazard is essential. Due to the special topographical and local conditions, heavy rains occur often in the northwest of Iran. The purpose of this study was to extract the dynamic and thermodynamic patterns of heavy and widespread precipitations in the northwest of Iran from 2000 to 2019. An environmental-to-circulation method with emphasis on vorticity was performed. The percentile method was used to determine heavy precipitation. Patterns were identified using the clustering method in the SPSS software environment. After determining the two general patterns, composite climatic maps at 500 hectopascals (hPa) level were drawn and analyzed. The zoning of heavy precipitation was done in a GIS software environment and the Hovmoller diagram for Jetstream was prepared and analyzed. In both patterns, the main factor of ascent was the Sudanese low, and the presence of a short front strengthened the low-level convergence conditions. The establishment of Omega blocking in the middle level of the atmosphere caused the continuation of precipitation. The primary sources of supply moisture for the heavy precipitation were the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Red Sea. https://www.gahr.ir/article_201895.html Iranian governments from the Safavid to Pahlavi period had many differences and conflicts with the Ottoman state and its heir, Turkey, the lack of precise demarcation of borders by the two countries from Mount Agri (Ararat) to Shatt al-Arab was one of the aggravating factors of this issue. With the formation of the republican government in Turkey and the Pahlavi government in Iran, the parties took serious efforts to resolve the border disputes, especially in the case of Mount Agri. Using historical documents and texts and on the basis of descriptive-analytical method, the present article tries to answer the question, what was the position of Agri Mountain in the relations between Iran and Turkey during the first Pahlavi period? The findings show that the rebellion of the Kurds around Ahri Mountain in 1306 against the Turkish government made the important strategic and security position of this mountain on the borders of Iran and Turkey more obvious to the Turkish side. The fact that the border lines were not clear gave the Turkish side the necessary excuse, and under the pretext of ensuring the security of their eastern borders, they demanded the annexation of the small Agri Mountain, which in the previous agreements passed between the two sides of the border line from its head line, to the territory of Turkey. Therefore, after the end of the Kurdish rebellion, with the neglect of the Iranian authorities, agreements were signed between the Iranian and Turkish sides, according to which the small mountain of Agri was exchanged for a plot of land from the Turkish government. https://www.gahr.ir/article_202311.html Geotourism is one of the growing sectors of the tourism industry and a kind of holistic tourism, whose goal is the sustainability of the entire region and its characteristics in relation to geomorphological forms and processes. The purpose of this article is to evaluate geotourism capabilities using the National Park and Kubalikova model (Abyaneh village, Varzaneh desert and Chadegan recreation village). In this research, Kobalikova and Fiolet's model was used, which Kobalicova emphasizes more on four scientific, educational, economic, conservation and cultural aspects, as well as Fiolet's model, which examines geotourist areas based on the four criteria of origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and access status. puts. The results showed that according to the Kubalikova model, the geotourist area of Abyaneh village with a score of 23.29 had the highest number, and also the results obtained from Violet's model also showed that among the geotourist areas of Abyaneh village with a score of 34.9 compared to other areas It has various capabilities. In the results of these two models, Chadegan Recreational Village received the lowest score in prioritizing geotourist areas. Therefore, the final conclusion is that by identifying and creating facilities in the geotourist areas of Isfahan province, it is possible to help attract tourists and develop welfare infrastructure https://www.gahr.ir/article_203733.html The aim of this research is the simultaneous analysis of torrential rains on December 12, 2001, February 2, 2006, and February 2, 2005 in Kiwi Chai catchment area of Khalkhal city and the extraction and analysis of effective systems in heavy rains using the environmental to circulation approach. Research Methodology: In this research, the daily rainfall of the Kiwi Chai catchment area was obtained from the meteorological station of Ardabil province and the daily discharge of Kiwi Chai in Khalkhal city was obtained from the water resources of Ardabil province, which includes the years 1987 to 2021, of which three days have heavy rainfall in It was winter season, it was extracted and it was filtered through Excel program and then it was sorted, and the maximum daily rainfall and maximum daily discharge of the catchment area of Khalkhal city were selected, and the maps of the earth's surface and the upper levels of the atmosphere were detected and extracted through the Nova site. that the rainfall was equal to or more than 30 mm per day was determined to determine the circulation patterns from the air maps of the ground surface as well as the maps of the upper atmosphere at 500 millibar levels. Findings: The result obtained from this research indicates that From the maps of the earth's surface, low pressures and high pressures, each of them have been influential in the occurrence of heavy rainfall in the Kiwi Chai catchment area, and in the maps of the upper atmosphere, the location of the area in front of the descent and the high divergence have been the main factors causing heavy rainfall in the studied area. Also, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have played an important role in causing heavy rainfall in the region. https://www.gahr.ir/article_203822.html . Tourism is an activity based on people's need to travel, have fun, relax, relieve fatigue from the mental tensions of modern, urban life and protect human physical and mental health, which is rapidly expanding and developing. The purpose of this research is to analyze the geotourism and geomorphological potentials of the central villages of Ardabil province using (H,F) models. The current research method is Hadzik's model, which evaluates geotourist areas based on scientific index, surplus and vulnerability. Violet's model is also evaluated using management and tourism indicators. Based on the results obtained by applying Hadzik's model, the results were obtained that the geotourist area of ​​Muil is the most capable in terms of the evaluation index. The results obtained from Violet's model also show that Moyil region has a better absorption capacity than other regions. Therefore, it can be concluded that among the studied villages, Muil village is very suitable for attracting tourists. Finally, it is suggested to evaluate the natural potentials of the regions in future studies. https://www.gahr.ir/article_203832.html This research has been carried out to investigate the time-space of convective rains (April to September) in selected stations in the northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the daily rainfall data of 17 selected synoptic stations of East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, and Ardabil provinces in a statistical period of 17 years (1379-1395) were received from the National Meteorological Organization. The findings of the research showed that the time series of total annual precipitation in East Azarbaijan province shows a slight increasing trend and a decreasing trend in West Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces. The changing trend in Sardasht, Urmia, Mahabad, Ahar, Sarab, Tabriz, Benab, Maragheh, Ardabil, and Khalkhal stations is decreasing, in Mako, Marand, Meshkinshahr, and Pars-abad, increasing and in Khoi, Bostan-abad and Midane without change is In terms of time, the highest convective precipitation was received in 1383 and the lowest amount of convective precipitation was received in all three provinces in 1387. Spatially, the core of maximum and minimum annual average convective precipitation in the region is located on Sardasht (180 mm) and Maragheh (74 mm), respectively. The maps of variable spatial distribution and the location of the maximum core at an altitude of 1400 meters and the minimum core at the station located in Chale Urmia show the important and noticeable role of the topography of the area, the height and position of the station about the surrounding roughness in addition to the influence of latitude. It is geographical. The clusters obtained based on the average annual convective precipitation of the period also confirm this. https://www.gahr.ir/article_204669.html Investigating the history of the government citadel, as one of the physical elements of the historical and Islamic cities in Iran, especially Yazd, can be studied as an interesting topic, which has been rarely discussed so far. In the following article, in addition to answering the questions raised about how to build a government citadel, taking into account its special conditions and characteristics, the reason for the change in the location of Darizd citadel in different historical periods, as well as how their architectural structure and decorations were made using local historical texts and research Now, the topic under discussion is referred to more precisely. Also, while examining the historical background of the Citadel in Iran, the evolution of the Citadel in Yazd has been discussed considering the physical-spatial structure of the city in different historical periods. As a result, the choice of a specific geographical location for the construction of the castle has been accompanied by taking into account security, centrality, accommodation of different social classes, connection or proximity to the capital city. The establishment of the citadel near the market, the Jame Mosque, the square and the gate of the city is considered one of the important points of choosing a citadel. Perhaps, the change of the location of the citadel in different historical periods of Drizd should be seen in the light of the shifting of the city's centrality, the expansion and development of the city, the increase of the population, the growth of the social-cultural institutions of the city. Although our knowledge about the construction and decoration of citadels in some historical periods of Yazd is still limited due to the limited information provided by local sources, therefore, archaeological studies in the future may be able to answer these questions. https://www.gahr.ir/article_204672.html In the optimal access of citizens to service uses, in addition to the existence of a sufficient number of relevant centers and the acceptable quality of services provided, the appropriate spatial distribution of these centers is also of great importance.Therefore, the necessity of the aim of the present research is to analyze the spatial distribution of active service trade unions at the districts of Ardabil city.The data used in the research included the location and characteristics of active laundry and dry cleaning units in the districts of Ardabil city, which were recorded using the field survey method (GPS). Then by outputting to Google Earth (KML) format and using this software, the desired errors were corrected and recoded and a database was formed in ArcGIS software. In order to analyze the data, graphic-based methods and spatial statistics analysis in ArcGIS environment such as central average, spatial autocorrelation analysis and hot spot analysis were used.The results of a part of the research showed that in districts 3-1 and 3-3, there are 2.72 laundry and dry cleaning units per10 thousand people and in districts 2-2 and 4-2 per 10 thousand people,There are 0.45 laundry and dry cleaning units.The condition of the rest of the districts is in the range of these values.Also, the situation of the districts of Ardabil city in relation to laundry and dry cleaning units based on the ratio of population divided by the number of laundry and dry cleaning units showed that in district 3-3 each laundry and dry cleaning unit must cover a population of 3668 people and district 4-3, which has only one laundry and dry cleaning unit, should alone cover a population between 21,956 and 32,661 people.This analysis shows the lack of proper distribution of laundry and dry cleaning units at the districts of Ardabil city. https://www.gahr.ir/article_205891.html Nowadays, the emergence of new technologies and the need to use them in the tourism industry has provided the basis for the creation of a new concept called smart tourism. The purpose of this research was to analyze the role of machine learning in smart tourism with the mediating role of electronic customer relationship management. The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of the nature of the method. For sampling, a simple random sampling method was used and to determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used, and due to the unlimited size of the statistical population, the sample size was determined to be 384 people. Data was collected through three standard questionnaires: "commercial applications of machine learning", "factors affecting the development of tourism in the region" and "electronic customer relationship management". Validity was examined and confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and reliability using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done with structural equation modeling method and with the help of SPSS 26 and Smart-PLS 3 statistical software. Based on the research findings, machine learning has a positive and significant effect on smart tourism and electronic customer relationship management, as well as electronic customer relationship management on smart tourism. In addition, electronic customer relationship management plays a mediating role in the relationship between machine learning and smart tourism. The findings of this research can be effective in the movement of tourism companies towards the application of machine learning and the implementation of electronic customer relationship management. https://www.gahr.ir/article_205991.html Due to the ever-increasing expansion of the urban population and car life, the vitality of urban spaces is the most important concern of city planners and managers. Because creating a lively environment increases the level of desirable social interactions, creates an attractive, lively, dynamic atmosphere for citizens. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to stratify the areas of Ardabil city based on the indicators of urban vitality. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of the 5 districts of Ardabil city. The method of collecting data and information was based on documentary and library studies and survey (questionnaire). In the course of data analysis, firstly, the coefficient of importance of the 4 studied dimensions (social, economic, physical and environmental) was obtained using Shannon's entropy model, and then, in order to prioritize the areas of Ardabil city in terms of the degree of urban vitality indicators, the model was used. Prometheus was exploited. The results obtained from the application of the mentioned model showed that the second region with a score of (0.694) and the third region with a score of (-0.365) are in the last place. According to the results obtained in the present research, it is necessary to plan to improve and improve the state of urban vitality indicators according to the resulting prioritization. https://www.gahr.ir/article_206665.html Health and hygiene in the process of human historical evolution since ancient times have been raised as an issue that societies have always interacted with, so that the health and well-being of the people of a city is an important indicator to show the success rate of sustainable development policies of that city. . The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the spatio-temporal distribution of brain, nervous and mental diseases in Ardabil city. The current research is of an applied type and the method of carrying out descriptive-analytical research. The method of gathering information is based on documentary and field sources (private neurology and mental clinics). The community and the research space are all neuropsychiatric patients in Ardabil city, of which 699 patients were studied. that there are seven types of brain and nerve diseases in the time frame of 1399 to 1401, the findings indicate that the highest amount of disease is assigned to the year 1401, in the 3-year period, all diseases have doubled, which shows the increase of disorders Psychologist is in Ardabil city. According to the findings of the research, according to the gender, the most diseases were among women, and according to the type of disease, the most common diseases are depression, epilepsy and convulsions. According to the analysis of hot and cold spots in area (1), as one of the central areas of the city, it is the center of brain and nervous and mental diseases in Ardabil. Also, based on the Kernel density estimation model, region (1) is the main center of diseases, which affects the nearby areas of other regions, and it is visible in region 2, which is located in the neighborhood of region 1. https://www.gahr.ir/article_209320.html Today, urban interventions and the tendency of people to live by machines have led to the disintegration of the urban fabric, personal and psychological injuries and environmental pollution, and in addition to the material field, it has also affected the spiritual field of human life. And it seems that today's city is far from worthy of human life. Therefore, in order to get out of the divisions that our cities have suffered and return to unity and integrity as the most important principle of Iranian-Islamic cities, it is necessary to think deeply about the principles of Islamic urban planning for new constructions. A brief overview of the current situation indicates the absence of a coherent and comprehensive plan. In this regard, this research seeks to apply the values of the Islamic city in today's era and for the global scope, and has been compiled with the aim of extracting a comprehensive model for the revival of the Islamic city from the perspective of Islamic thought. The present research is descriptive-analytical. The collection of information is based on library and documentary studies. In order to achieve the goal of the research, the foundations and models of the Islamic city were first studied, and factors such as the principle of introversion, the principle of hierarchy, the principle of centrality, etc. were recognized as effective factors in creating a high-quality space in accordance with Islamic principles. Then the proposed model of the current research is based on the combination of physical, semantic, social and economic features. The results of this study can be widely used for planning in contemporary cities by city managers and planners such as municipalities, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_209521.html The purpose of this research is to zonate the hazard of landslides using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) and geographic information system (GIS) in Razliq village located in Sarab city. For this purpose, information layers related to 7 effective criteria in the occurrence of landslides, including lithology, NDVI, slope, elevation, precipitation, distance from river and river density were prepared using ArcGIS software. Then, the factors were weighted using the method of Analytical Network Process (ANP). The results obtained from this research showed that the weight of the examined criteria is 0.332, 0.097, 0.143, 0.069, 0.021, 0.196 and 0.139, respectively. Finally, by combining these layers according to their weight, a landslide hazard zoning map was obtained in the GIS environment. In terms of the hazard of landslides, the zoning map divides the area into five risk categories: very high (17.5 square kilometers), high (26.2 square kilometers), moderate risk (76.7 square kilometers), low (269.4 square kilometers) and very Low (196.2 square kilometers) has been divided, which includes areas with low risk, the largest area of the region. Also, the results showed that none of the villages in the region are located in high hazard areas. https://www.gahr.ir/article_209678.html The purpose of this research is to analyze the management development of rural spaces with an emphasis on good rural governance in Urmia city. The current research is based on the applied method and is descriptive and analytical in nature. The tool for collecting information in the field method was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed according to expert professors in the field of geography, rural planning, and rural sociology, and its validation was also obtained with the Cronbach's alpha method (0.85), the statistical population of the research, The residents of the villages on the edge of Lake Urmia (20 villages as a sample) were used to determine the sample size using Cochran's formula, and the sample size was 380, which was distributed randomly in the study area. It is a data analysis tool using Spss21 software. which was done to analyze and process data from sample t-tests (T) and Spearman's correlation, and to rank the sample villages in terms of the state of rural governance using the TOPSIS multi-criteria technique and Friedman's test. Also, the criterion of good rural governance in this research was based on 7 components, justice, participation, accountability, accountability, supervision, participation and transparency with 44 items. According to the examination of sample T-Tech data and the examination of the significance level of rural governance indicators, as well as the ranking of the management spaces of villages based on the Friedman test and the TOPSIS data model, the results showed that the villages of the studied area have a relatively weak level of space in terms of governance. They have a good village. And out of 20 villages, only 3 villages are in good condition, 5 villages are in average condition and 12 villages are in poor condition of rural governance. https://www.gahr.ir/article_210961.html This research was carried out to perceive the promoting and inhibiting factors and strategies for the development of improved rice seed in Gilan, using the survey method and based on the force field analysis approach. The statistical population consisted of sixteen informed and expert persons selected through Purposive sampling. The tools of data collection were interviews and questionnaires. To analyze the data, the technique of coding and average analyzing was used, and 18 promoting and 18 inhibiting factors have been recognized. The factors were categorized into three groups: technical-agricultural and ecological factors, cultural-social and extensional factors, and economic-management and policy-making factors. In general, the results showed that in all cases the score of the inhibiting forces is higher than the promoting. That is, the desire to maintain the status quo and not change toward developing improved rice seeds in Guilan is more and stronger than the desire to make a change. At last, six arrangements were prescribed, which incorporate: making and creating a database and communication organize among farmers to exchange information and data; Encouraging beneficiaries to contract farming; guaranteed purchase with the help of the local authorities; Substitution of improved seeds in place of self-consumption seeds; presentation and discharge of organizations that produce improved seeds by means of the private sector to provide identified and healthy seeds and within the conclusion, the holding of preparing courses. The rankings obtained from determining the effectiveness of the proposed answers indicate their sizeable effect in improving the improvement of improved rice seeds in Gilane https://www.gahr.ir/article_212051.html Event-based tourism, as one of the new strategies in sustainable rural development, plays a key role in increasing awareness, supporting the local community, and preserving cultural identity. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of residents' awareness of the benefits of event-based tourism and its social and cultural impacts on the support of local residents in the villages of Chorzq district. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and data were collected through a questionnaire whose reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (78%). The statistical population consisted of 320 residents, tourists, and regional officials who were randomly selected. The findings show that residents' awareness of the benefits of tourism and its social and cultural impacts plays an effective role in increasing their support for event-based tourism. Also, structural equation model analysis using SPSS and AMOS software confirms that social and cultural impacts have the greatest impact on the support of the local community. The results of this study particularly emphasize the need to strengthen public awareness and promote the social and cultural impacts of tourism, as these factors can contribute to the sustainable development and success of event-based tourism in rural areas. Finally, this study suggests that local planners and officials should strengthen education and community participation to facilitate better exploitation of the potential of event-based tourism in rural areas. https://www.gahr.ir/article_212156.html Given the advances in technology and the radical changes in weapons, the need to apply modern passive defense to reduce the casualties of war, especially in cities, is felt beforehand. This research is of practical purpose and descriptive-analytical method was used and the variables considered include identifying crucial, critical and important locations of Tabriz city, in order to reduce the damage caused by enemy attacks and to increase the defensive strength and threshold of city resistance. The method of data collection was library and field studies (questionnaire) were used as well. In this study, a matrix method was used to check the conformity of Tabriz urban system with principles of passive defense that identifies the city and the consequences of the concentration of a number of centers there. The results of the research after CARVER matrix stage and evaluation of 30 administrative-service centers of the city indicated that 11 centers are crucial (score between 70-100), 13 centers critical (score between 40-69) and gradually 6 centers important (score between 9-39), which are not located in accordance with the principles of passive defense and the issue of urban defense. Therefore, the results show the importance of existing centers in this city and by applying passive defense principles, locating the administrative-service centers of Tabriz as a vulnerable city in cases of potential enemy threats and natural disasters can be found. In this way, prior to the outbreak of war, it is possible to reduce the loss of life and financial damage to the strategic points of the city, where the survival of the city depends upon. https://www.gahr.ir/article_213719.html In today's era, knowledge is regarded as the most vital organizational asset, significantly enhancing performance. Agricultural knowledge-based companies are no exception to this rule. Due to the complex and dynamic nature of their activities, effective knowledge management holds particular significance for these organizations. This study aimed to identify the components of a knowledge management model specific to agricultural knowledge-based firms. A qualitative research methodology was employed, collecting data through interviews with experts and managers and analyzing them using MAXQDA2022 software. Key knowledge management components identified include foresight, intellectual property management, human resource management, time management, organizational commitment, organizational structure, effectiveness, organizational culture, policy-making, scientific exchange, industry relations, market relations, international exchange, problem orientation, need orientation, demand orientation, economic focus, feasibility, and validation. The findings led to the development of an optimal knowledge management model comprising five critical stages: knowledge identification and creation, organization and storage, transfer, application, and evaluation. Among these, the stages of knowledge organization and storage, application, identification and creation, transfer, and evaluation were prioritized in descending order of importance. https://www.gahr.ir/article_213772.html As an ancient heritage of the Zagros people, the oak is a symbol of tenacity, uprightness, stability, resistance, victory, immortality, transformation, and dissent. The most magical oak of the Zagros is the oak of love in Rashk of Mamsani, whose all-encompassing umbrella has resonated the elixir of dissent in northern Fars. On the other side of the coin, the holy lotus with the identities of holiness, immortality, tenacity, survival, blessing, longevity, rooting, fertility and birth, support, security, elevation, loneliness, introversion, isolation, and sadness is located, which has emitted religious, mystical, and otherworldly energy in southern Fars. The metaphor of the oak and the side is not only focused on the personal, social and economic life of the people of Fars, but can also overshadow their type of activism in the political sphere. Therefore, the current article seeks to explain the geography of the body of the oak in love and the side of the holy lotus in Fars during the fourteenth presidential election? The research method is qualitative and analytical through a combination of library resources, field monitoring and statistics. The results show that the geography of the body of the oak in love has led people in northern Fars towards dissident/reformist ideas in support of Masoud Pezeshkian. On the other hand, the geography of the body of the holy lotus has led people in southern Fars towards fundamentalist/principled ideas in support of Saeed Jalili. However, there are some discrepancies in the voting pattern of the northern and southern counties of Fars (failure to follow the geography of the body of the oak in love and the side of the holy lotus) that can be identified; Meanwhile, the voting population of central, western, and eastern Fars has a contradictory body geography. https://www.gahr.ir/article_213871.html One of the most fundamental concerns of policymakers and stakeholders is finding a solution to the unemployment crisis. This issue is particularly critical in the agricultural sector, where it has significantly reduced the resilience of agricultural colleges. Establishing and developing an entrepreneurial ecosystem facilitates the transformation of universities into entrepreneurial, third-generation universities. Identifying the components of the university’s entrepreneurial ecosystem plays a crucial role in recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities and improving the entrepreneurial resilience of universities. The present study aims to identify the factors influencing the resilience of agricultural colleges to improve skill-based education and enhance the employability of undergraduate students, with an emphasis on the pivotal role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. This quantitative, descriptive research was conducted using a survey method and stratified random sampling among 214 students. Data were collected through a questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by experts and reliability established via a pilot study and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. To analyze the data and test the causal model, path analysis was performed using AMOS software. The findings of the causal model reveal that creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem and fostering entrepreneurial activities have a direct, positive, and significant impact on the resilience of entrepreneurial education in agricultural colleges. Internal networking, external networking, and organizational integration also have a direct, positive, and significant effect on the resilience of agricultural colleges. Institutionalizing the entrepreneurial process in universities not only helps address the unemployment challenges of graduates but also fosters the creation of innovative ideas. Institutionalizing entrepreneurship in universities leads to job creation, wealth generation, improved living standards, and ultimately, the country’s overall development. Therefore, by establishing a suitable entrepreneurial ecosystem, universities can cultivate creative innovators and take essential steps toward becoming third-generation universities. https://www.gahr.ir/article_213872.html The innovative city is one of the emerging concepts of the present age. Despite the increasing importance of innovative cities, as one of the centers of development and the place of production and dissemination of knowledge, few studies (especially inside the country) have been conducted in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the documents of valid articles. In terms of innovative cities, a meta-analysis has been conducted. The current research is descriptive-analytical and its method is meta-analysis. The statistical population of this research includes all scientific research articles published in scientific research publications approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in the country, and due to the small number of them (13 cases), the full enumeration method was used. The results of the analysis show that there are only 13 scientific research articles in the country from 1390 to now (1401), which indicates a lack of attention to research on innovative cities in Iran. Also, all the articles in the field of innovative cities in Iran have been multi-dimensional or holistic, and the dominance of the combined method of positivism or positivism is quite evident. Another finding of the research is that the method of collecting most of the printed articles was documentary and combined (questionnaire and interview). Also, the data analysis in most of the articles has been using numerous and different statistical tests, and most of the time it has been a multi-composite model, SPSS software can be mentioned among the most used software in the field of internal articles of innovative cities. https://www.gahr.ir/article_214396.html Today, in the world, urban agriculture has been considered as a suitable response to the instabilities formed in the field of urban construction, especially in residential environments, due to economic, social, and environmental aspects. This research aims to identify and prioritize influential indicators of urban agriculture in social dimensions in residential environments and promote social sustainability. In this research, first, based on library studies and using the content analysis method, the most important influential indicators in social dimensions were extracted, then using the Delphi method; the components were validated in three stages, using the standpoint of 20 experts in the field of architecture and landscape architecture, and then based on the Likert rating system and statistical analyzes determined the importance and ranking of these indicators in the social systems of residential environments. Based on the research findings, 26 influential indicators of urban agriculture in social dimensions were identified and classified in two main components: "impact on physical and mental health" and "impact on social-cultural life". From the standpoint of experts, "stress reduction," "increased physical activity," and "depression reduction" indicators affecting physical and mental health and " providing leisure," "relationship development and social interactions," and "strengthening a sense of belonging and sense of community" indicators affecting on social-cultural life, respectively, were the highest scores in promoting social sustainability of residential environments and these results emphasize paying more attention to urban agriculture in residential environments to promote social sustainability. https://www.gahr.ir/article_216210.html Environmental changes and existing threats to different countries have motivated them to adopt strategies to increase the power of flexibility, resilience and competitiveness of their economy. In recent years, resilience has become an emerging topic in studies. Despite this, not paying attention to the continuous improvement of business resilience can be one of the reasons for the lack of proper diversification of jobs and, as a result, the higher rate of incomplete employment. In the current research, 150 people responded to it with the Delphi method and distributed a questionnaire among different industries in Qom province, and the data was analyzed using SPSS23 software and Friedman's test for ranking, and the results were obtained. It is as follows: The first rank is given to economic factors, which respectively include changes in raw materials, supply chain issues, and exchange rate fluctuations, and the second rank is to cultural and social factors, which respectively include supporting employees, encouraging employees to take actions. Initiative and active participation in the field of infrastructure factors that have been obtained according to the financial commitments and creativity and innovation of senior managers. In this regard, it has been recommended to the governorate of Qom province to constantly review and monitor the changes and analyze the business environment, pay attention to the business trends and follow up on problems and issues related to the supply chain. https://www.gahr.ir/article_216269.html The lack of a framework for assessing capabilities, comparative advantages, and levels of competitiveness, as well as the uncertainty of industry development patterns, lead to the weakness of cluster formation and the attraction of domestic and foreign capital. This study aims to assess the regional development capacity based on the anchor-based system in Basra province, Iraq. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection tool is a questionnaire based on AHP and the cross-sectional structure analysis model (37*37). The analytical framework is based on the three concepts of effectiveness, sensitivity, importance, and variables in the three components of the anchor model, including 1- anchor tenant attraction and deployment, 2- clustering and multi-scale resource mobilization, and 3- intelligence and stabilization of the leadership position. The results show that the results showed that in terms of the status of the effective variables for anchor tenant (investor) attraction: transportation infrastructure; In terms of the status of effective indicators in clustering and mobilizing multiple scale resources: the presence of multinational and international companies in the region; In terms of the status of effective indicators of intelligence and consolidation of leadership position: the presence of a regional and national innovation system in the industrial sector; In terms of the status of important variables in attracting anchor tenants (investors): quantity and quality of transportation infrastructure; In terms of the status of important variables in clustering and mobilizing multiple scale resources: multinational and international companies in the region; In terms of the status of important variables in intelligence and leadership positioning: Motivation, research and development capabilities in existing industries have a medium to high status. https://www.gahr.ir/article_216602.html In today's competitive world, organizations are looking for new ways to improve employee performance. The largest and most important asset of any organization is its human capital, which overshadows other investments, and achieving the organization's goals depends largely on the proper and correct performance of its employees. The components of social intelligence with emphasis on gender control in the second half of 1402. This research is of a descriptive-survey type, and its statistical population is all employees of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Mazandaran Province. A total of 128 people were selected as a sample through cluster sampling. The data of this study were collected through a questionnaire. To measure social intelligence, job performance and demographic variables, the questionnaires of Silvera et al. (2001), Patterson (1989) and a researcher-made questionnaire were used, respectively. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression and T-test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between all components of social intelligence, namely social information processing, social skills, social awareness and job performance, but in the regression equations that measured the effect of different dimensions, the two dimensions of social awareness and social skills had a positive effect on job performance, but the social information processing dimension did not have the power to predict job performance. Also, t-test analysis showed that there is no significant difference between male and female gender in terms of social intelligence. https://www.gahr.ir/article_216654.html In this research, the relationship between meteorological drought index (SPI index) and remote sensing indices VCI, TCI and VHI has been investigated in the whole country. In this regard, by using the MODIS satellite images of Tera sensor and rainfall data from rain gauge and synoptic stations located in the country, the changes that occurred in the 10-year period were calculated. For this purpose, four months (April, May, June and July) were selected as a sample by examining the data of the available stations and using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) model. In this study, considering the time accuracy, high spectral coverage, ease of access, no need for atmospheric correction and ground referencing, coded images (MOD11A2 and MOD13A2) from MODIS sensors of Terra satellite products from 2011 to 2020 due to the assurance of the existence of drought and drought phenomenon was used and then SPI index was compared with VCI, TCI and VHI indices in a consolidated manner. The results of drought monitoring showed that during this 10-year period in some years there was a severe drought in most of the studied stations, and in the same year there was less rainfall. For example, in 2012 this drought was very severe drought and in 2014 it showed a very wet year. The results of correlation between SPI index and remotely sensed drought indices showed that SPI index has the highest correlation with VHI index at the level of 0.01, which indicated that MODIS images and constructed indices have the necessary capability for drought monitoring. The results of this research can be a suitable option for decision-makers in order to investigate, monitor and resolve drought conditions effectively and doubles the necessity of defining a profile. https://www.gahr.ir/article_216814.html Abstract Urban spaces are one of the important places for the social presence of citizens, which need the vitality and comfort of their audience to continue living. Night activity in such spaces makes these areas more attractive for visitors. This applied research and its purpose was to analyze the role of public spaces in enhancing the night life of the city in Bushehr city. The statistical population in this research is the residents of Bandar Bushehr city, based on the population and housing census of 2015, it had a population of 223,504. The sample size was obtained using Cochran's formula of 384, and 372 passers-by and users of public green spaces of coastal parks were selected by simple random sampling. In this research, by using sources and information and field investigation, taking into account the relevant variables and components, the dependent items related to each of them and the contribution of each were determined. Descriptive statistics methods, central tendency and dispersion indices, as well as inferential statistics methods (correlation coefficient, etc.) were used to analyze the data. The reliability of the research tool (questionnaire) was evaluated with SPSS software and Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.884 was obtained; The results showed that: 1) the component of security dimension with coefficient (41/451); 2) social dimension component with coefficient (38/829); 3) the component of the physical dimension with the coefficient (33.924) and 4) the component of the vitality dimension with the coefficient (24.287) are significant. The calculated average score of the subjects is in the 95% confidence interval of the t-test at its lower limit; And it indicates that, in general, Bushehr beach parks do not have an effective and favorable role in promoting the nightlife of Bandar Bushehr city. https://www.gahr.ir/article_216880.html The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), as a structured method for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, is utilized in the field of urban planning for various purposes. However, for increased effectiveness and to address potential weaknesses, the AHP often requires integration with other methods, techniques, and tools. This study aims to identify and analyze research published in the urban planning domain that employs the AHP method within the timeframe of 2014-2024. The research methodology employed is a systematic review, and a multi-stage process was undertaken to identify and analyze relevant AHP studies. This research provides findings in the areas of most popular topics explored using the AHP method in urban planning, most frequently used tools as complements to the AHP, temporal trends in the publication of research utilizing this method, most prolific authors and journals in this area of research, and strengths and weaknesses of the AHP method in urban planning. https://www.gahr.ir/article_216908.html One of the fundamental challenges in environmental studies and management is the unavailability of sufficient spatial data. To address this issue, various interpolation methods have been developed, with their accuracy being influenced by environmental factors, local conditions, and the parameters used in the data. Choice the optimal interpolation method is always a critical challenge. In this study, the optimization of the Cubic Spline interpolation method using fuzzy logic has been investigated. In proposed method, the elevation of points incorporated as fuzzy membership functions in the calculations. The accuracy of the proposed method (Fuzzy Cubic Spline) evaluated by comparing with ground elevation measurements and the results of the Spline interpolation method. The results indicate that the Fuzzy Cubic Spline interpolation method, with a correlation coefficient of 97.31%, performs better in estimating the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) compared to the Spline interpolation method, which has a correlation coefficient of 95.78%. Additionally, the RMSE values for the proposed method are lower than Spline interpolation method, significantly enhancing the accuracy of the DEM estimation. https://www.gahr.ir/article_217580.html Monitoring land cover change and understanding the dynamic of land cover is increasingly important in sustainable development and management of natural ecosystems. Most land use changes occur without a clear and logical planning with little attention to their environmental impact. This research was done in order to study land cover changes in protected area of Kabir Kouh in recent decades using Landsat satellite images between 2001 and 2020. Images were classified through supervised classification using maximum likelihood technique. Also land cover/use change map from satellite images were obtained. In order to accuracy assessment of this method, after collecting ground truth data which were carried out through field visiting, Google earth images and aerial photographs, overall accuracy and Kappa Coefficient was used. According to obtained results, overall accuracy of resulted maps through classification using maximum likelihood classifier method for TM and OLI images was 93% and 94%, respectively, that states high accuracy of this algorithm in classification of satellites images. The results indicate that during the 13 years, agriculture and rangeland land have been increased by 1.14% (2.04 km2) and 1.91% (3.42 km2), respectively, while forest area has decreased by 3.04% (5.46 km2). Thus, the present study displays that remote sensing and GIS are important technologies for temporal analysis and quantification of spatial phenomena is made possible by these technologies in less time, at low cost and with better accuracy. https://www.gahr.ir/article_217581.html The ability to attract investment, business, creativity, talents, and visitors is called urban competitiveness, which is possible by improving various urban dimensions, and tourism is one of these urban dimensions. The aim of this research is to investigate the competitiveness of urban tourism among the three cities of Meshkinshahr, Sarein, and Hir, which are cities in Ardabil Province. This research is of an applied type in terms of purpose and of a descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. The data collection method is also in the form of documents-library and field surveys. In this research, 20 experts and specialists from universities and the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization were selected using the snowball sampling method to identify effective indicators in the competitiveness of tourist destinations. By distributing the questionnaire in the first stage, 49 variables in 4 areas of natural attractions, historical and cultural attractions, tourism infrastructure, supporting urban infrastructure and facilities were selected by experts to identify and determine the position of the cities of Sarein, Hir and Meshkinshahr. In the second stage, Shannon entropy was used to determine the weight of the indicators used in the research, and the combined distance-based evaluation decision-making model known as the CODAS model was used to analyze the data. Arc GIS software was also used to prepare and analyze the maps. The results showed that among the 3 cities studied, Sarein was in the first place in the field of tourism infrastructure, and Meshkinshahr and Hir were in the next places. In the other 3 areas, Meshkinshahr was in the first place by a significant margin. Keywords: urban tourism, competitiveness, Meshkinshahr, https://www.gahr.ir/article_217582.html Today, the tourism industry is more than an industry, it is a dynamic global and social phenomenon that has its own complexities, and accurate recognition and scientific analysis of this phenomenon can provide a reliable framework for planning the tourism industry. In the present study, an attempt is made to identify and analyze the key drivers affecting the development of Meshkinshahr tourism. This article uses Delphi methods and cross-effect analysis and the use of MiqMaq software to identify the key drivers. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is based on futures, analytical, and exploratory methods in terms of nature, and was conducted using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. By distributing the Delphi questionnaire among 25 tourism experts and specialists in two rounds, a total of 56 variables were selected and after scoring in the designed matrix table, the effect of the row on the matrix column was taken into account. The result obtained after entering the scores into the Mikmak software revealed that 14 factors were identified as the main and driving factors in the development of tourism in Meshkinshahr. Among these variables, appropriate space design and beautification of the city, reconstruction of tourist sites, man-made attractions, and water resources and water therapy have had the greatest impact, and if the urban managers of Meshkinshahr pay attention to these key variables, we can expect the development of Meshkinshahr in the field of tourism. https://www.gahr.ir/article_217683.html In recent decades, the use of mixed-use development has become a significant paradigm in urban planning. In contemporary urban theories, mixed-use development is widely regarded as a strategy to address the challenges posed by traditional zoning practices. The aim of this study is to prioritize the indicators influencing the realization of mixed-use development and rank the proposed pedestrian areas and corridors of the University of Isfahan based on these indicators. This research is applied-developmental in purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey-based in nature. The statistical population includes experts from the technical office of the university (including departments for technical affairs and project supervision, university facilities, construction, renovation and improvement, architecture, document review, green spaces, and electrical systems). Ten experts were selected using the snowball sampling method. Data for the study were collected through library-documentary sources and field studies, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used for data analysis. The results indicate that the "sustainable income generation for the university" indicator holds the highest priority with a coefficient of 0.6, while the indicators "utilization of unused buildings for establishing knowledge-based associations" and "allocation of commercial-service use corridors around faculties" rank lowest with a coefficient of 0.05. Additionally, proposed area 2-4 ranks first concerning the studied indicators, while proposed area 2-3 ranks last. Finally, recommendations are provided to achieve mixed-use development based on the relevant indicators. Therefore, preparing any master or detailed plan without considering mixed-use development at the University of Isfahan would be ineffective. https://www.gahr.ir/article_217691.html Among the legumes lentils in addition to having large amounts of carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and minerals, are a rich source of proteinand, in fact, are the key to human nutrition, because it is a substitute for animal proteins and can reduce meat consumption.But despite the importance of this plant, the ten-year statistics show a decrease in the area under lentil cultivation in this province. Knowing that lentil cultivation is recommended in the rotation of rain fed cereal crops, the reduction of the cultivated area of this crop cannot be a good sign for the rain fed agricultural lands.Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the challenges and solutions to increase the production of rain fed lentils in Zanjan.The statistical population of this research included experts and key informants in the relevant centers and organizations, especially Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Zanjan University Faculty of Agriculture and some rain fed lentil farmers, among them, 19 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and snowball technique. A semi-structured interview was used to collect research data. The process of data collection continued until the level of theoretical saturation or the threshold of usefulness of available information. Qualitative data analysis was done using MAXQDA software. The research results showed that several factors are involved in the low yield of this plant in Zanjan. Low potential of local cultivars used by farmers, lack of improved cultivars and certified seeds, poor management of agricultural operations land preparation, cultivation method, seed rate, planting time, pest and weed control, non-mechanized harvesting method , climate changes, lack of the policy of lentil , soil quality, limited access to seeds, lack of support and little knowledge of farmers, limited growth period and lack of access to accurate meteorological data are among the effective factors in reducing crop yield https://www.gahr.ir/article_217995.html In recent decades, many organizations and management institutions have promoted a participatory approach by emphasizing local communities and increasing social interactions at the neighborhood level. The present study aims to investigate the role of neighborhood centers in promoting the citizenship culture of residents of underprivileged neighborhoods in Ahvaz, a case study; Al-Safi neighborhood. According to the nature of the subject and the goals for which this research is intended, it is theoretical-applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and implementation method. The statistical population of the population aged 15 and above, the sample size based on Cochran's formula is 230 people. In order to analyze the findings, SPSS software, T-Test, and SWOT technique were used. The findings indicate that the first hypothesis with a total average of 4.21 and the second hypothesis with a total average of 4.29, indicate positive responses from citizens. Also, based on the SWOT model, the most appropriate strategy in this situation is the defensive strategy (WT) and is given priority over other strategies. The result is that neighborhood halls have not only provided the basis for the formation of participation in the infrastructural dimension, but from the perspective and social dimensions as a superstructure dimension, it has also strengthened the category of participation, participation, social participation and participation of citizens in urban affairs and the destiny of themselves and their city https://www.gahr.ir/article_218118.html Land use means the type of land use to meet human needs and is one of the most fundamental factors through which humans affect the environment. Therefore, examining land use and land cover changes is necessary not only to prevent them but also for management and planning. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling land use/cover changes and their driving forces in the study area, which are detected and predicted by satellite images and geographic information systems. For this purpose, Landsat satellite imagery for 1990, 2010, and 2020 was prepared. Satellite images were examined for geometric and radiometric errors. In this way, six land use classes were identified in the study area and land use maps were prepared for the years under study. The results showed that land use changes occurred in an amount of 31,248.62 hectares over the past 30 years. Also, the study of the effect of physiographic and human factors using the logistic regression model indicated a direct relationship between land use changes and slope direction, while land use changes had an inverse relationship with the factors of slope percentage, altitude above sea level, distance from road, distance from residential areas, and distance from water sources. To predict land use changes in 2030 and 2040, the CA-Marco model, which is a combination of the autonomous cell model and the Markov chain, was used. The 2020 land use map was used to validate the model, and the kappa coefficient of 95.49 percent means the model's high ability to simulate future land use changes. https://www.gahr.ir/article_218133.html The Strait of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandeb play a vital role in energy security and international economic stability as two strategic Global Crossings. The Strait of Hormuz, the only Persian Gulf sea route to the Indian Ocean, passes through about several million barrels of crude oil and a significant volume of liquefied natural gas (LNG) a day. On the other hand, Bab al-Mandeb, which connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, is considered the main route of oil and gas transportation from the Persian Gulf to Europe and North America. Any disruption in these routes could have immediate and widespread effects on global energy markets, the economies of energy-importing countries, and even the world's food and political security.So the Strait of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandeb are two very important points of Al-jaishi and strategic geography that play a very important role in the energy transit process. If there is a war or military conflict in these areas, International Peace and security will undoubtedly face a serious threat, it could disrupt energy flows and, consequently, raise oil and gas prices in the world, creating political and economic tensions between countries. The search examines how such conflicts could jeopardize global security and cause major problems for the world economy. Military tensions in the Strait of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandeb are not just a regional issue, but a global challenge that requires the cooperation and commitment of all countries to find sustainable solutions. In conclusion, it is proposed that countries cooperate more and use diplomatic means (dialogue and negotiation) to prevent war and maintain the world's energy security. https://www.gahr.ir/article_218217.html Justice, as one of the main goals of urban planning, does not simply include the distribution of tools, benefits, harms, or services, but its scope is as wide as all dimensions of the city and plays a very effective role in the lives of citizens. However, given the importance of identifying the most important criteria for the manifestation of the virtue of justice in the dimensions of the city and, consequently, the strategies for promoting justice in Iranian cities, no study has been conducted on this subject so far. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying the most key criteria and strategies for the manifestation of the virtue of justice in the urban environment. The research method in this research was a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, and library studies, expert consensus, and interviews were used to collect data, and content analysis and structural analysis methods were used to analyze them. The findings of this research show that the criteria of equal opportunities and class equality, difference and diversity and freedom, need, entitlement, participation in the public interest, and fair distribution of facilities, space, population, and resources, participation, etc. have had the most repetition in domestic studies, respectively. Also, the criteria of diversity, public benefit, equality, inclusiveness, participation, access, need and entitlement are the most key criteria in this area, respectively. As a result, a just city is a city in which the criteria of diversity, public benefit, equality, inclusiveness, participation, access and need are manifested in all physical dimensions, use and activity, social, economic, cultural, political, environmental, transportation and housing, and entitlement is manifested solely in its economic dimension. https://www.gahr.ir/article_218218.html Today, achieving balance and justice in achieving development indicators, especially at the regional level, is considered one of the fundamental challenges on the path to achieving sustainable development in developing countries, including Iran. This requires adherence to the defined principles of sustainable development, adopting fair policies, and optimal distribution of resources to achieve balance and sustainability in the development process to reduce structural inequalities. This study aims to investigate the spatial-temporal changes in development indicators in Iran from 2006 to 2022, using a descriptive-analytical method within the framework of quantitative methodology and using data from the Statistical Center of Iran. The indicators under study have been analyzed in the dimensions of population, education, economy, society, infrastructure, and health and treatment at the national and provincial levels. Spatial statistics techniques have been used in the Arcmap software environment to analyze the data. The results show that at the national level, in general, population, education, infrastructure, and health and treatment indicators have had positive changes, while economic and social indicators have faced challenges such as a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in the divorce rate, and income inequality. At the provincial level, spatial and regional inequalities in access to facilities and services remain significant. This research emphasizes the necessity of regional planning and equitable distribution of resources to reduce inequalities and achieve sustainable development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_218799.html In Iran, a large proportion of agricultural produce is lost every year because the harvesting machines are not effective enough. A suitable strategy to overcome this problem is the use of harvesting machines that maximize precision. The most developed part of precision farming technologies is yield monitoring. These technologies are suitable alternatives to the current inefficient harvesting machines. The aim of this research was to identify the determinants of behavioral intention and attitude of experts in Fars and Bushehr provinces towards yield monitoring technologies in order to disseminate and educate such technologies in Iran. This study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of the method of data collection. A stratified random sampling was used to collect data from 287 experts. Results of data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that among the experts of Bushehr province, perceived usefulness has the most direct effect on intention to use. Individual innovativeness has the most direct effect on intention to use of experts in Fars province, and in the two groups, perceived usefulness is the best determination of intention to use. Perceived consequences of precision agricultural technologies and the perceived usefulness are effective on the attitude to use of experts in Bushehr province regarding performance of monitoring technologies, and attitude to use of experts in Fars province is affected by the perceived usefulness, attitude of confidence, controllability of behavior and perceived consequences of precision agricultural technologies. Planning in-service courses and educational workshops, emphasizing precision agriculture education in universities, forming a network of specialists, trainers and experts and implementing internship programs to increase the attitude and intention of experts are some of the suggestions of this research. https://www.gahr.ir/article_219223.html Geotourism is created from the relationship between nature and man-made objects. In geotourism, geomorphological phenomena are more dominant than other geological phenomena. These audiences are not only specialists and experts in geomorphology and geology, but also ordinary tourists and nature enthusiasts. The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate the geotourism capacities of Alborz Province based on the Kobalikova and Fiolet models. In the present study, the Kobalikova model, which emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and cultural criteria, was used, as well as the Fiolet model, which examines geotourism areas based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility. The results showed that, based on the Kobalikova model, the Chalus Road geotourism area has obtained the highest score compared to other geotourism areas with a value of (25.9). The results of the Violet model also showed that among the geotourism areas of Chalus Road, it has a variety of capabilities compared to other areas with a score of (11) of the total effective items. The Taleghan Dam area received the lowest score in the prioritization of geotourism areas in the Kobalikova and Violet models. The results of the combination of the Fiolet model showed that the Chalus Road geotourism area has favorable conditions for development and attraction of tourists in Alborz province. Therefore, it is concluded that identifying and creating facilities in the geotourism areas of Alborz province will lead to attraction of tourists and development of welfare infrastructure. https://www.gahr.ir/article_219329.html With the increase in the population of countries in the last decade, the average renewable water has decreased sharply and this trend continues. On the other hand, factors such as changing consumption patterns, changes in rainfall patterns, and gradual global warming have caused periodic droughts to appear. Also, lack of adequate and appropriate investment, improper management of existing water resources, and growth in per capita water consumption have all caused existing water resources to not meet the needs of the current and future population. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting sustainable water management among gardeners in the Qasabeh of Meshkinshahr city. The research method in this study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey method in terms of data and information collection. The statistical population studied in this study included the set of gardeners in the Qasabeh of Meshkinshahr city (N=156), and due to the limited statistical population, the census method was used to collect information. Two documentary and field (questionnaire) methods were used to collect information.The information obtained from the correlation showed that there is a positive and significant relationship at the one percent level between the variables of extension, agronomic factors, economic factors, and social factors with the actions related to sustainable management of water resources by gardeners, which means that with the increase of one, the other also increases. Of course, it should be noted that the highest correlation coefficient was related to policy factors (correlation coefficient 0.630) and the lowest correlation coefficient was related to social factors (correlation coefficient 0.466).The results of multiple regression showed that the educational and extension variables, agronomic factors, economic factors, social factors, and policy factors have the ability to explain 85.8 percent of the changes in the variable of sustainable management of agricultural water resources. https://www.gahr.ir/article_219821.html Although the time of establishment of the first cities is not known, but cities were founded by people and built by different people. With the increase of opportunities in daily life, urban spaces became a transformed structure in order to respond to various economic and social needs. Especially after the industrial revolution, the situation of cities underwent a great transformation and its functions began to increase and diversify. With the great social events and subsequent great migrations, the population capacity of cities has increased. In this stage, urban problems emerged and infrastructural problems, lack of housing and situations that harm the social structure (such as slums) and environmental problems emerged. Many pioneers and urban theoreticians offered suggestions regarding the solutions to these problems. One of these pioneers was Ebenezer Howard, who proposed the idea of a " garden city " as an urban-rural synthesis where the benefits of rural and urban life can be experienced together, to solve the problems of cities. The purpose of this study is to investigate and explain the conceptual framework of space, garden and garden city system. In the research, first the concept of space and garden is discussed and then the theory of garden city system is analyzed. And finally, it ends with the analysis of the importance of green space in people's lives and efforts to establish it as a basic pillar in urban life https://www.gahr.ir/article_219822.html The subject of this research is eco-city planning and environmental awareness. Eco-city planning, which has a long history, has become increasingly popular in recent years. Today's cities are the main source of many environmental problems. If we want to protect nature, we need new understanding and ideas. In this context, concepts of sustainability and ecology and a solution that can integrate these principles in all parts of the city should be produced; Factors that lead to the emergence of a new understanding of the world. The social orders that will be created in this new world will be based on the utopian tradition; whose purpose is to create a more equal, just and happy society like the society of Utopians. The urban plans of Saint Simon, Charles Fourier and Robert Owen (ideological socialists) in the 19th century aimed to reduce the social, economic and spatial disturbances caused by the industrial revolution and were formed with ideological approaches; And 20th century urban utopias such as Ebenezer Howard's Garden City, Frank Lloyd Wright's Broad Acre City, and Le Corbusier's contemporary and radial cities are pragmatic approaches produced to meet economic, social, and spatial needs. In this research, an in-depth descriptive-analytical method was used and an attempt was made to study the process of ecological planning and environmental awareness in response to the ecological crises we are in by using the idealists' thoughts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. https://www.gahr.ir/article_220842.html The Covid-19 pandemic has severely affected the tourism industry. In this framework, different countries and regions compete to benefit from its maximum benefits. In this framework, regions gain more competitiveness by paying attention to the issue of tourism competitiveness, so it can be said that the more local attractions are paid attention to at the regional level and investment platforms are made in them. This approach, the aim of the current research is to explain the drivers affecting the competitiveness of urban tourism in the post-Corona era with a future research approach in the 12th district of Tehran. The present research is based on the purpose of applied research, in terms of nature and method, it is a descriptive-analytical research. . The research method is based on the future-research, analytical-exploratory approach, which will be done by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models.Depending on the purpose of Delphi, 30 experts available and familiar with the subject of the research were used in the non-probability sampling method (chain sampling). Micmac software is also used to identify the key factors affecting the tourism of the metropolis of Tehran. Quid 19 is used. The results showed that the quality components of the tourism process and cheap tourism services were less important in the competitiveness of tourists to the region than other components.In relation to the questions, it should be mentioned that the polite and respectful treatment of the citizens with the tourists and the up-to-dateness of tourism at the regional level were the most important coefficients, and in the next levels, it is possible to take advantage of trained people and suitable parks. , recommendations and introductions from others, positive attitude to travel again, providing information through the media https://www.gahr.ir/article_220892.html Overpopulation in cities caused by migration from rural settlements, which has accelerated since the beginning of the last century, have brought housing problems for the residents of these cities. Although local governments have developed various methods to solve this problem, urban sprawl has not been prevented. Undoubtedly, this means that the valuable agricultural land that feeds the city is included in the development plans. For this reason, rural areas suitable for agriculture on the outskirts of cities are decreasing day by day, and the ability of cities to feed themselves is weakening. At this stage, the city dwellers are facing the problem of "food security", meaning access to healthy and cheap food. The purpose of this research is to fight ecologically with the problems caused by rapid population growth and the emergence of irregular forms of urbanization and to ensure the integration of agriculture with the city in order to guarantee human health and the environment, food safety, urban and social beauty. In this research, internal and external studies For practical examples, the phenomenon of urban agriculture has been used. The findings show that throughout human history, agriculture has been a part of food production and social functions. However, according to most managers and urban planners, urban agriculture is not considered an important element of sustainable development in the urban planning process. Urban agriculture has not yet been integrated into the systematic components of cities. The results show that the stages of identification and support processes through public policy in Iran, like many countries, have become a new approach. While the phenomenon of urban agriculture has a long history in Asia, it can be seen that this is not conscious in Iran https://www.gahr.ir/article_221224.html This study was aimed at comparative measurement of the satisfaction of the residents of Valiasr, Yaghchian and Yousef Abad Tabriz Municipal Services. The main purpose is to identify the differences in citizens' satisfaction with city services and to examine the factors affecting this satisfaction in the studied neighborhoods. Cronbach's alpha test (735.0) was confirmed, collected. The community included citizens over the age of 18 living in the neighborhoods of Valiasr, Yaghchian and Yousef Abad Tabriz. The sample size was calculated using Cochran formula and a total of 384 questionnaires were randomly distributed and analyzed. The data were analyzed by SPSS software at two descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that most respondents in the age group were 18 to 29 years (6.45 %) and undergraduate (3.33 %). They were gender (2.54 %) male and (8.45 %) were female. Also, (2.59 %) were married respondents and (9.40 %) were single. Data analysis showed that there are significant differences in the amount of citizens' satisfaction with the urban services between the studied neighborhoods. The Valiasr neighborhood was more satisfied with the Yaghchian and Yusufabad neighborhoods because of its better facilities. Factors affecting citizen satisfaction, including quality of service, access to facilities, and citizens' participation in decision making. To improve citizen satisfaction, municipalities need to pay attention to the fair distribution of services, improve quality and increase citizen participation in decision -making processes. The results of this study can be used as a basis for better planning and management of municipal services in Tabriz and other similar cities. https://www.gahr.ir/article_221227.html For centuries, women have been perceived primarily as wives, homemakers, and subordinates to men, economically dependent and with their potential largely overlooked. However, their pivotal role in income generation, development, and education is undeniable. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the psychological and entrepreneurial traits influencing the tendency of rural women in Fars Province toward self-employment. A total of 365 rural women from Fars Province were selected through a quantitative survey approach utilizing stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education at Shiraz University, and its reliability was established through a pilot study conducted outside the main sample (n=327). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS26 to compare different groups of rural women. The findings revealed significant differences across age groups regarding independence anxiety and political empowerment, with older women scoring higher than middle-aged and younger ones. Additionally, the educational level was found to be inversely related to the intensity of the Cinderella Syndrome; women with higher education levels demonstrated greater empowerment and self-efficacy. The study also identified significant differences among women from various counties with respect to the Cinderella Syndrome index, with women from Sarvestan County scoring the highest. According to ANOVA results, the rural women who owned personal businesses exhibited higher self-efficacy and lower dependency levels, with significantly lower Cinderella Syndrome score. These findings underscore the impact of socio-cultural, environmental, and structural factors—as well as age, education, and employment status—on rural women's tendency toward self-employment and business ownership. https://www.gahr.ir/article_221232.html With the growth and development of contemporary societies, urban challenges have intensified—one of the most critical being climate change, which necessitates enhanced flexibility within urban systems. Urban flexibility refers to the capacity of urban spaces to adapt to environmental changes and serves as a fundamental indicator for assessing community resilience. This study aims to evaluate the degree of flexibility in Urmia city in response to climate change, focusing on its five administrative districts. Methodologically, this applied research follows a descriptive-analytical approach and is structured in three stages. The first stage involves a climatological analysis of Urmia's temperature and precipitation trends over the past 30 years and projections for the coming decades. The second stage includes a literature review and field observations, utilizing Likert-scale assessments and factor scoring to evaluate urban flexibility indicators. The third stage applies the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test using SPSS software to statistically rank the data based on factor scores. The findings reveal that Urmia exhibits insufficient preparedness to face future climate challenges, indicating the need for revised urban planning strategies and adaptive environmental policies. Projections suggest that the city's average annual temperature may increase by approximately 0.7°C over the next 30 years, emphasizing the urgency of climate-sensitive planning. Moreover, among the four dimensions of flexibility assessed—morphological and physical adaptability, spatial multifunctionality, environmental sustainability, and crisis management—two indicators (urban morphology flexibility and spatial multifunctionality) received the highest scores (2.04 and 2.02 respectively), suggesting relatively favorable conditions. In contrast, the environmental and crisis management dimensions scored significantly lower (1.68 and 1.23), highlighting critical weaknesses and the need for comprehensive strategic interventions. https://www.gahr.ir/article_221396.html One of the problems of today's cities is the lack of appropriate locations for urban activities, which has made the life of towns difficult. Fire stations, which are considered one of the activities of urban services, are no exception to this rule. Considering the rapid increase in population and irrational growth of cities, the city's security system must also be improved so that it can have sufficient coverage over the entire city. The optimal location of fire stations is very important in terms of quick and timely access of fire trucks to the scene of an accident. Timely arrival of firefighters at the scene of an accident results in less damage, but achieving this requires an optimal distribution of fire stations. The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical; the required information is obtained through field observation, interviews, study of research conducted about the city of Urmia, and spatial data for optimal location of the fire station through the AHP model in the GIS software environment. The findings indicate that existing fire stations only cover 52.03 percent of active urban spaces during standard times, and to improve the level of equitable access for citizens and improve the spatial distribution pattern of stations based on standards and regulations, it is necessary to locate new stations. Based on the research findings, by collecting effective data in the form of information layers such as communication network, population density of areas and spaces prone to accidents and disasters, land use, etc., using GIS and a network analysis model, suitable locations for the optimal distribution of existing stations and new fire stations have been located and proposed. https://www.gahr.ir/article_221461.html این مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای به بررسی مفاهیم بازآفرینی و زیست‌پذیری شهری و ارتباط متقابل آن‌ها می‌پردازد. با افزایش چالش‌های شهری نظیر فرسودگی بافت‌های شهری، آلودگی محیط زیست، و نابرابری‌های اجتماعی، نیاز به دست‌یابی به راهکارهای پایدار و جامع در این حوزه ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. این پژوهش با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای شامل مقالات علمی، گزارش‌های سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، و کتاب‌های تخصصی به تحلیل ابعاد مختلف بازآفرینی شهری و زیست‌پذیری، از جمله ویژگی‌ها، الگوها و تجارب موفق در این زمینه می‌پردازد. در بخش اول این مطالعه، به تعریف مفاهیم کلیدی و بررسی تاریخچه بازآفرینی و زیست‌پذیری شهری پرداخته می‌شود. بخش دوم به تحلیل الگوها و چارچوب‌های کارآمد در بازآفرینی شهری اختصاص دارد و تأکید می‌کند که چگونه این رویکرد می‌تواند بهبود کیفیت زندگی شهروندان و پایداری محیط زیست را به همراه داشته باشد. در نهایت، نتایج این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که ارتباط بین بازآفرینی و زیست‌پذیری یک رابطه دوطرفه و مکمل است و برای تحقق یک شهر پایدار و مناسب زندگی، نیاز به رویکردی جامع و یکپارچه وجود دارد. این پژوهش با ارائه پیشنهاداتی برای بهبود فرایندهای بازآفرینی و ارتقای زیست‌پذیری شهری، می‌تواند به مدیران شهری، پژوهشگران و علاقمندان این حوزه کمک کند تا به اهداف پایداری و رفاه شهروندان نزدیک‌تر شوند. https://www.gahr.ir/article_221462.html Today, tourism is one of the most effective industries that, in addition to economic benefits, plays a fundamental role in many other fields. The present study was developed with the aim of providing solutions for rural tourism development with a sustainable tourism approach in Lorestan Province. 12 tourism target villages in the province were selected as the study villages. The combined SWOT-AHP model was used to provide basic strategies for the development of sustainable tourism in the province. The SWOT technique was used to identify the factors affecting the development of rural tourism and the AHP was used to prioritize the determined strategies. The results show that in the current conditions of sustainable rural tourism development and management in Lorestan province, the SO strategy (with a score of 0.275) is emphasized, and the strategies tend to be in a direction that can use the advantages, potentials, and opportunities that prevail in the environment outside the Lorestan region, as well as the strengths that exist within the study area, with optimal and efficient management, to move this spatial area towards sustainable development so that the potentials of this area can be used to improve the condition of the area and maximize its capacity and potential in an appropriate manner. The results of the TOPSIS model show that Gaikan village ranks 1st among the factors affecting the development of sustainable rural tourism in the study villages, Bisheh village ranks 2nd, Vanai village ranks 3rd, Robat Namaki village ranks 4th, and Dehkord village, Imamzadeh Ghasem, Kamandan, etc. are in the next ranks. The regression coefficient of the research variables showed that there is a significant relationship between the provision of tourism service facilities and rural tourism development, attracting private sector investors, and cultural-social interactions in rural tourism development in Lorestan province. https://www.gahr.ir/article_221581.html The present study is an applied study and its research method is a descriptive survey conducted using a questionnaire. In this study, eight geosites in Alborz province (Gachsar Village, Haft Cheshme Waterfall, Valian Village, Kirkbud Waterfall, and Yakh Morad Cave) were evaluated by presenting 30 questionnaires to tourists in the study areas and also presenting 15 written questionnaires to experts and specialists in these geosites and collecting their data. In this study, first some geomorphological landforms were identified and their boundaries were determined using library studies, aerial photographs, satellite images, field surveys and interviews. Then, using the Violet and Kobalikwa model, the tourism potentials of the landforms were examined. The results of the evaluation of the Violet model showed that, based on the evaluation of experts and visitors, the geotourism area of Valian village has the highest core value with a score of (7.34) and the Morad Ice Cave area has the lowest position with a score of (6.04). Based on the results of the Kobalikwa model, the Valian region with a score of (6.69), the Gachsar region with a score of (6.26), the Kirkbud region (6.19), and the Haft Cheshmeh and Ghar Yakh Morad regions with scores of (6.05) and (5.79) were ranked first to fifth, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a lot of room for improving geotourism in these places, and by investing in improving the infrastructure of these geosites and improving planning and promotional activities, these areas can attract many tourists and travelers, which will create jobs and increase the income of local people. Finally, it is suggested that the analysis and evaluation of the geotourism and geomorphological potential of Alborz Province be investigated based on artificial intelligence and geotourism occurrence models. https://www.gahr.ir/article_221582.html Geotourism is one of the branches of tourism that mainly considers geological potentials and geomorphological perspectives. Geotourism is a contemporary and modern phenomenon that has been known all over the world since the late 1980s. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of geotourism capabilities of Germi city using Kirchner model and GAM. In this study, first, the geotourism and geotourism features of Karaj city were identified and evaluated. In the first stage, the geotourism capabilities of different regions of the city were evaluated using Kirchner model. This model determines the ability to attract tourists with the help of criteria such as geological diversity, access to scenic spots and environmental quality. In the next step, the General Linear Analysis (GAM) method was used to analyze and predict the effects of different variables on geotourism capabilities. This method allows for the examination of nonlinear relationships between variables and can help identify factors affecting tourist attraction. The results of the study of the geotourism indices of the regions show that Dizin Ski Resort has the highest score with a score of 3.5 in the tourism sub-index in terms of the GAM model. This region also has high potential for economic development. The results of the Kirchner model calculations also show that Dizin Ski Resort has a total score of 3. Also, in this geosite, the scientific value with (0.85) points is the highest and the conservation value with (0.62) points is the lowest. Therefore, it is concluded that the Dizin ski resort in Karaj city has a high potential to attract tourists, especially the surrounding mountainous areas with beautiful natural landscapes, which indicates a high geotourism potential in Karaj city in Alborz province. https://www.gahr.ir/article_222088.html The aim of this research is to investigate the roles of tribes and nomads in the villages of Ardabil during the Qajar period. Given the nature of the subject, the present research method will be descriptive and analytical, and the research data will be collected using library and documentary sources. Tribes and nomads have always played a prominent role in the history of Iran until the end of the Qajar period as one of the important players in the political history of Iran. The existence of the Shahsuan tribes and nomads and other tribes and clans in the Ardabil region as owners of a number of villages; They had taken over agriculture and paid taxes, which was important economically in addition to Ardabil for the country during the Qajar period. And the military role that the tribes of Ardabil played in the wars of the Qajar period as the pillar of the army. From a social point of view, since the number of nomads in the country was greater, it was also important for the government to achieve its political, military and economic goals through the nomads. The research achievement shows that the tribes and nomads as owners of the villages; They played important roles in the political, military, economic, social, and agricultural spheres, which had a profound impact on the history of Iran during the Qajar period. https://www.gahr.ir/article_222323.html The present study, by adopting an analytical approach and aiming to investigate the process of publication and development of scientific literature related to land use planning in the context of sustainable urban development, has undertaken a comprehensive and systematic scientometric analysis. Despite the extensive efforts and numerous fundamental studies conducted by researchers in this field, the lack of a comprehensive and integrated assessment of their research achievements stands out as a significant knowledge gap. In order to fill this research gap, the present study conducts a detailed and meticulous review of 134 articles published internationally, all of which are in English and have been indexed in the Scopus citation database between 1992 and 2025. In order to analyze co-citation patterns, co-authorship networks, and keyword co-occurrence structures, the capabilities of the specialized software VOSviewer were utilized. The analysis of co-occurrence networks in the corpus of previous research related to land use planning and sustainable development indicates an upward trend in the volume of publications and confirms the increasing attention and focus of the academic community on this field of study. The findings from the co-authorship analysis reveal that, globally, the countries of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of India, and the United States of America are recognized as pioneers in the production of scientific knowledge in this field and have accounted for the largest share of publications. In addition, the results of the keyword co-occurrence clustering analysis show the formation of five distinct semantic clusters that encompass the central themes of the research conducted; these themes include: urbanization and its consequences, principles and foundations of sustainable development, spatial analysis of land use structure, and land management strategies. https://www.gahr.ir/article_222326.html Abstract In recent years, attention to human-centered design has gained a special place in global urban planning, and one of its prominent manifestations is the development of urban sidewalks, which provide a suitable platform for improving the quality of urban life. This study aims to identify and evaluate effective architectural criteria in improving the quality of pedestrian-centered spaces, and examines various physical, social, economic, cultural, and environmental dimensions in sidewalk design. The research method of this study is descriptive, and data collection was carried out using the method of studying library documents, scientific articles, theses, and reputable sources in the field of urban architecture and pedestrian-centered space design. The research findings showed that eight key criteria, including: sociability, comfort and convenience, visual appeal, social activities and interactions, vitality and dynamism, flexibility, environmental sustainability, and social participation, play a fundamental role in improving the quality and efficiency of urban sidewalks. These criteria synergistically create spaces that not only meet the functional needs of users, but also provide a platform for interaction, identity formation, participation, and sustainability in the city. Finally, the theoretical framework resulting from this research can be used as an effective guide for architects, urban designers, and local managers in the optimal design and management of urban sidewalks and contribute to the development of efficient, vibrant, and human-centered public spaces in contemporary cities. https://www.gahr.ir/article_222407.html Abstract Drought is one of the most important natural disasters that despite the low human toll, have many economic damage. Qorveh Plain is one of the largest agricultural plains of the kurdestan province and is consideresd as the agricultural pole of province. population growth in recent decades, more and more agricultural prosperity in the region as the centerpiece of development in the province, as well as the development of small and medium industries in Ghorveh, increase the uptake of underground water resources in the region. The aim of this study is to investigate groundwater response to the drought in different eras which is studied according to the characteristics in terms of intensity and duration of dry periods. Two sets of data were used: (1) data on precipitation, evaporation, run off measured at stations Qorveh water basin and its adjacent areas 2. The wells water level data observation located in Qorveh Plain. Periods of drought in the basin stations is computed using the SPI and its relation to groundwater level changes were investigated. The results show that in the period of 1380-1390, Qorveh Plain affected by different due to drought intensity and duration and as well groundwater levels have fluctuated in different periods and in general, indicate a remarkable drop that some of it could be due to the effects of drought. On the other hand, according to the annual increase in the number of wells and discharge of deep and shallow wells, water table level in this period had a significant drop. https://www.gahr.ir/article_222443.html The main objective of this study is to analyze the status of regional disparities and the proposed regionalization in West Azarbaijan Province. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and serves the purpose of application. Data collection was conducted through library research. The study area includes the counties of West Azerbaijan Province in the year 1400 (Iranian calendar). To examine the infrastructural aspects of the counties, 22 indicators were used. The data analysis was performed quantitatively using SPSS, EXCEL, and GIS software. The collected data were analyzed through various methods, including the coefficient of variation and development mean for assessing development levels, the VIKOR model for ranking counties, K-Means clustering for grouping the indicators, Kriging interpolation for spatial development analysis of the counties based on infrastructural indicators, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) for examining the spatial correlation between the independent variable of development and dependent variables such as population, area, and approved allocation of assets.The findings indicate that among the reasons for developmental disparities in West Azarbaijan Province, considering the selected indicators, is the fact that Urmia, as the provincial capital and growth pole, concentrates services, facilities, and infrastructure. Given its population concentration, which accounts for over 32% of the province’s total population, and the ongoing development of capitalist relationships along with the attraction of private and public sector investments and investor interest, this level of resource allocation is expected not only in infrastructural sectors but across all aspects of development. Consequently, Urmia stands out with a significant disparity, ranking first in terms of resource endowment compared to other counties in the province. https://www.gahr.ir/article_222515.html This article examines the participation of host children in the tourism industry and their perceptions of this experience. According to global statistics, millions of children are engaged in economic activities, with a significant portion working in the tourism sector. This issue not only points to the economic and social challenges associated with child labor but also relates to matters such as children's rights and cultural impacts. In this study, data were collected through focus group interviews and informal conversations with children in Tabriz, Iran. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the positive and negative roles of host children in tourism. The findings reveal that host children, with a deep understanding of cultural concepts such as karma and benevolence, experience a sense of social responsibility and a desire to help others. These values assist them in interacting better with tourists in their social engagements and strengthen their sense of self-reliance and cultural identity. However, these children also face challenges such as feelings of shame, financial pressure, and the dangers associated with working. These challenges can negatively impact their mental health and quality of life, leading to feelings of insecurity and anxiety. Therefore, this article emphasizes the necessity of a deeper understanding of children's experiences and the design of effective support policies to help improve their living conditions and social development. Ultimately, the results of this research can assist policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders in designing effective programs and strategies to support the rights of children in the tourism industry and to create a safe and supportive environment for these children. https://www.gahr.ir/article_222690.html Background and Objective: Although historic urban fabrics have often been identified as problematic areas, they also represent some of the most significant potentials within a city. In recent years, growing attention has been directed toward improving the environmental quality and revitalization of these historic areas. Among various approaches, tactical urbanism has emerged as a key strategy, employing short-term, low-cost interventions to bring about noticeable improvements. The aim of this study is to introduce an effective approach for revitalizing the historic fabric of Urmia, focusing on tactical interventions that can catalyze broader transformations. Research Method: This study is applied-developmental in nature and follows a problem-oriented methodology based on documentary and library research. The research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing exploratory content analysis to address the research questions. The statistical population consists of a wide range of academic documents related to the concepts of tactical urbanism, historic urban fabrics, and the techniques associated with this planning method. Data has been collected from books, scholarly articles, theses (both domestic and international), urban development plans, and credible online sources. Findings: The findings of the study indicate that the historic fabric of Urmia is faced with numerous challenges, including issues related to market entrances, Ataei Street, urban transport terminals, and more. These areas require targeted interventions to address existing problems. Conclusion: Tactical urbanism, by offering effective and short-term solutions, can significantly contribute to the organization and enhancement of historic urban environments in Urmia. This approach has the potential to restore vitality and liveliness to the city's old neighborhoods. Therefore, tactical urbanism can be considered one of the most suitable strategies for addressing the challenges of Urmia’s historic core. https://www.gahr.ir/article_223233.html This article examines the influence of geographic factors on Islamic conquests during the era of the Prophet of Islam and the rightful caliphs. Geography, especially strategic positions, mountains, seas and natural resources, shipping routes, has played an important role in the success or failure of Muslims in battles and conquering new lands, and even the progress and prosperity of some countries, whether it is trade or communication with other lands. The present research analyzes the geography of Arabia during the battles period as well as the lands under Muslim attack with a descriptive analytical method. The results of the research show that geographical factors have not only been effective in the victories of Muslims, but these factors have acted as important drivers in the development and expansion of the Islamic empire, and have been able to make some cities appear superior to other regions. The reviews of this article also show the influence of geographical locations on war and strategic decisions and the life of Muslims in that era. https://www.gahr.ir/article_223604.html Land surface temperature is of great importance in climate change research. In this study, using the OLI and TIRS sensors of the Landsat 8 satellite, the spectral indices NDWI, NDMI, NDVI and LST were estimated for the Estil Wetland and their relationship with the LST index was calculated. The maximum LST values for the years 2013, 2017, 2021 and 2024 were 15, 16, 17. 21 respectively, and the maximum LST values for the same time period were 13, 22, 14 and 13. The NDMI, NDWI and NDVI indices were also used to estimate the moisture status in relation to water stress, water areas and vegetation cover. The values of these indices were obtained through bands 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10. A Pearson correlation was also established between the above indices and the LST index. Scatter plots drawn with Origin 10 software showed that the highest positive correlation of 0.23 was between LST and NDWI indices, and the highest negative correlation of -0.65 belonged to LST and NDMI indices. The resulting values showed that NDVI and NDMI indices had a negative correlation with LST index. The values obtained from land use change (LULC) were also obtained by the support vector machine (SVM) model. The results showed that vegetation cover increased from 2013 to 2024 and reached from 329 km2 to 487 km2. In contrast, the area of Estil Wetland decreased from 126 km2 to 98 km2 during this period, and the greatest decrease was observed in the eastern part of the wetland. https://www.gahr.ir/article_223605.html From an environmental perspective, the most common reason for developing sustainable public transportation systems is to reduce car use and traffic congestion, which in turn leads to improved environmental quality. This research aims to investigate the role of public transportation in reducing urban problems (traffic-air pollution) with emphasis on the city of Ahvaz. The present research is an applied study based on a descriptive-analytical method. Two stages were used to collect and analyze information. The collection was conducted using reliable library studies and documents and a researcher-made questionnaire. The AHP model was used to analyze the data, and in this regard, the research questionnaires were distributed among 25 experts in the urban and municipal traffic fields. According to the results obtained from AHP, the importance of the indicators (criteria), in order of their percentage importance, are: (safety 0.499), (environmental pollution 0.313), (affordability 0.120), and (comfort 0.068). Finally, the most preferable option among the two motorized transportation models is (public transportation model 0.778) compared to (personal transportation model 0.222). https://www.gahr.ir/article_223607.html Spatial justice refers to the equitable and fair distribution of resources, services, and opportunities across geographical spaces, aiming to ensure equal access to essential urban facilities for all individuals. This concept is particularly significant in urban planning and public services distribution, as spatial inequalities can exacerbate social and economic disparities among different societal groups. This study analyzes the spatial distribution of educational centers in Zanjan city from a spatial justice perspective. The equitable distribution of educational centers, a key pillar of social and economic development, significantly enhances quality of life and reduces social inequalities. Using the Moran’s Index spatial autocorrelation model, this research examines the distribution of educational centers based on academic levels, gender, and ownership type (public and private) across Zanjan’s four urban regions. The objective is to identify patterns of inequitable distribution and analyze their spatial dispersion. Results show Moran’s Index coefficients for girls’ centers (0.082), boys’ centers (-0.007), and mixed-shift centers (-0.128), indicating clustered patterns for girls’ and boys’ centers and random distribution for mixed-shift centers. Additionally, Moran’s Index for public (0.127) and private (-0.043) centers reveals dispersed public centers across the city and concentrated private centers in specific areas, particularly regions 2 and 3. The overall Moran’s Index for all educational centers (0.003) confirms a clustered distribution pattern. These findings highlight the clustered distribution of educational centers in specific parts of Zanjan, providing insights for urban planning to achieve spatial justice. https://www.gahr.ir/article_223608.html Spatial justice, as a key concept in urban planning, emphasizes the equitable distribution of facilities and services across different urban areas and plays a crucial role in reducing social inequalities and enhancing the quality of life for citizens. Attention to spatial justice in the distribution of cultural centers, especially in developing cities, can facilitate sustainable development and strengthen social and cultural capital. This study examines and analyzes the spatial distribution of cultural centers in Zanjan city with an emphasis on spatial justice. Spatial data related to cultural centers were extracted from sources such as OpenStreetMap, Overpass Turbo, and Google Earth, and after refinement and classification, these centers were categorized into different groups. To analyze the spatial structure and distribution patterns, Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index was employed using GIS software. The results indicate that the distribution of some cultural centers, such as mosques and language institutes, exhibits significant and concentrated clustering patterns, whereas other centers, including cinemas and art galleries, show dispersed and random distributions. This spatial inequality can adversely affect equitable access to cultural facilities. The study highlights the necessity of implementing distributive and procedural justice in urban planning to ensure a balanced distribution of cultural centers, thereby improving quality of life, reducing social gaps, and reinforcing cultural capital. https://www.gahr.ir/article_223611.html . One of the essentials of providing health care services is to pay attention to social and spatial justice. Equitable access to health care services is considered a fundamental human right. However, this is often not the case, especially in developing countries where health care systems are limited. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern of health care centers in Khorramabad city, identify areas with poor access, and determine the most optimal locations for the construction of new health care centers. This study emphasizes the importance of eliminating geographical inequalities in access to health care centers to enhance spatial equity and an efficient referral system. In this study, first, the indicators affecting the location of health centers were determined using the opinions of experts and studies. These indicators were weighted according to their importance from the experts' perspective. Then, the AHP-FUZZY hybrid model was used to achieve the best location. Also, in order to identify the distribution pattern of health-treatment centers, the nearest neighbor distance (NNA) method was used. The results of the study showed that the distribution pattern of health-treatment centers in the city of Khorramabad is random with the nearest neighbor index value (0.947) and the distribution of health-treatment centers in the city of Khorramabad does not follow a regular and fair pattern. In addition, map analysis showed that the northern, western, and eastern parts of Khorramabad city do not have proper access to health-treatment centers. Also, using the AHP-FUZZY hybrid model, Khorramabad city was identified as priority areas for the establishment of new health-treatment centers. Finally, three locations in the north, west, and east of Khorramabad city were identified for the construction of new health-treatment centers and in order to improve the appropriate spatial distribution of these centers and observe social justice. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224014.html The main goal of this research is to make a comparative comparison of environmental indicators in Iran and the countries of the Indian subcontinent. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose, utilizing library-based methods for data collection. The study area includes 9 countries: Iran, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. To assess the environmental status, 38 indicators were employed, with raw statistical data for these indicators collected from the United Nations website for the year 2021. Data analysis was performed quantitatively and statistically using SPSS, Excel, and GIS software. For weighting the indicators, the Ordinal priority approach model was used; for ranking countries, the CoCoSo model was applied; and for clustering, the K-Means Clustering method was employed. The results of the clustering are visualized through a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results of this study indicate that Pakistan and Nepal are in a relatively better position in environmental resource management and have been able to control environmental pressures through effective measures, Meanwhile, the Maldives and Bangladesh are in a critical state, requiring special attention and comprehensive strategies to improve their environmental conditions. Despite abundant natural resources and a focus on issues such as water scarcity and air pollution, Iran faces specific environmental challenges. Meanwhile, the Indian subcontinent, with its large population and rapid industrial development, struggles with problems such as air pollution, waste management, and deforestation. This comparison highlights that each region requires tailored approaches and policies to effectively improve environmental conditions. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224086.html The aim of this study is to examine Iran's Geo-economic capacities in terms of establishing overseas bases in certain ports within Indian Ocean region.. Accordingly, this research seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible for Iran to establish overseas bases using geo-economic tools, and to what extent such a strategy could impact Iran’s security and economic interests. Using a descriptive analytical method, the study first evaluates Iran’s unique advantages in this domain, several ports in the Indian ocean region are analyze for their potential to host Iranian overseas bases. The findings indicate that by establishing overseas findings and connecting the ports of Indian Ocean countries with its own. Iran can reduce transit costs and overcome obstacles found in land corridors. This approach could enable Iran to establish a strong position in the emerging geo-economic order, thereby enhancing strategic security and expanding national and regional economic - commercial interests. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224130.html In this paper, while comparison of different machine learning techniques for classifying of multi-temporal remotely sensed images of Karbala metropolis, accurate information of land use and land covers (LULC) of this city was prepared and the occurred changes between 2002 and 2021 were determined based on post-classification comparison (PCC) method. To improve the classification results, spectral bands have been pan-sharped with panchromatic band using Gram-Schmidet method and textural features have been extracted using the GLCM matrix. The results show that the support vector machine (SVM) and maximum likelihood classification (MLC) methods provided the most satisfactory results, and SVM is the most accurate method due to its non-parametric nature. The overall accuracy (O.A) of the classification for 2002 and 2021 images with SVM were 89.76% and 88.05%, respectively, and for MLC method in the best case were, 85.94% and 85.36%, respectively, which were approximately 19% more than the Minimum Distance (MD) classification. The pan-sharpening led to an increase of 1.5% and 3%, of the O.A for 2002 and 2021 images respectively, and the use of textural features was useful in separating the urban area from non-urban areas. Comparison of the multi-temporal LULC maps of Karbala shows that between 2002 and 2021, approximately 33 hectares of vegetation covers and 25 hectares of agricultural lands were changed to urban areas, and in general, the area of Karbala has tripled. The significant growth of the metropolis of Karbala and the degradation of urban green space are important issues that should be seriously considered by the relevant city managers and planners. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224141.html The strategic importance of the arctic has increased due to the consequences of climate change, the opening of new shipping routes, the reduction of transportation costs, the extraction of virgin natural resources, and the growth of the tourism industry. Therefore, the issues related to the Arctic region will lead to the creation of wide opportunities and threats, which are in complex conflict with the competitive interests and power dynamics of the main players in the region such as the united States of America, China and Russia. While examining the Arctic transit routes, this research tries to pay attention to Russia’s goals in the development of China’s Arctic corridor and answer the question of what effects the Arctic corridor has on Russia’s Arctic strategy with an analytical descriptive method. The result of the research shows, despite the fact that the impact of the Arctic corridor is considered important for Russia in order to use the economics and commercial potential of the Arctic region, in the long run, by creating conflicts and competitions among the countries of the region, it can create obstacles for the implementation of the strategy in the Arctic region, it created the north of this country. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224647.html Medicinal plants are one of the valuable resources of rangeland ecosystems, which, if used correctly and based on ecological principles, can be considered as one of the aspects of the multi-purpose use of rangeland, in order to reduce the pressure on rangeland and make rangeland farming economical in Iran. In this regard, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the supply and demand situation of medicinal plants in the apothecaries of Urmia city. Data collection was done by using two methods of library studies and field method, including observation, interview and questionnaire completion. The questionnaires were completed in the spring and summer of 1402 with the participation of 35 apothecaries. From the point of view of the apothecaries; The consumption experience of the family and acquaintances, the properties and effectiveness, the familiarity and previous experience of the person in consuming the plant and the absence of side effects have a greater impact on the supply and demand market of medicinal plants. A number of 59 medicinal species were identified in the medicinal plant market of the city, and Mentha pulegium, Alahgi camelorum, Descurainia sophia, Eryngium bildari, Malva neglecta, Foeniculum vulgare, Alcea rosea, and Scorzonera latifolia were identified as the most important species of supply and demand in the medicinal plant market of Urmia city. The highest value of the relative abundance index of citation is related to the Mentha pulegium with a value of 0.8 and the lowest value is related to the Capparis spinosa with a value of 0.314. The results of this research can provide the necessary information regarding the use of medicinal plants to the planners and executive managers of rangeland ecosystems for the multi-purpose use of rangelandes. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224666.html The biocity, as a new model for improving the quality of urban life, emphasizes the overlap of spatial justice, environmental sustainability, social participation, and human-centered design. The present study, with the aim of evaluating the capacity to realize the biocity indicators in Ahvaz, used a mixed approach and analyzed four main hypotheses by analyzing field data, documents, and semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the biocity indicators (such as access to green space, environmental quality, spatial justice, and social participation) and the level of satisfaction with urban life. However, the unfair distribution of infrastructure across the city has prevented the realization of these indicators in a homogeneous manner. Also, environmental crises such as dust, wetland dryness, and the lack of green space per capita have a clear negative impact on urban livability. The weakness of planning institutions, lack of coordination between executive organizations, and a sectoral approach are also considered structural obstacles to the implementation of the biocity model in Ahvaz. Despite these challenges, the research results indicate that there is a possibility of selective and localized adaptation of global biocity models to the climatic and cultural conditions of Ahvaz, provided that integrated planning, fair redistribution of resources, and active participation of citizens are on the agenda. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224667.html As a sub-branch of the green economy, the Sea-based economy has gained a special place in the policy-making of countries with Sea-based borders in recent decades. This approach, focusing on the sustainable exploitation of marine resources, such as fisheries, ports, coastal tourism, Sea-based transport, marine renewable energies, and marine biotechnology, can be the driving force for the economic development of coastal areas. In the meantime, Iran, with more than 5800 kilometers of coastline in the north and south, has significant capacities for the development of a Sea-based economy. Bushehr province, especially Bushehr Port, with its long history in Sea-based trade, strategic location on the Persian Gulf, and port infrastructure, is considered one of the most important potential points for implementing Sea-based economy policies in the country. The aim of this article is to examine the capacities, challenges, and requirements for the development of a Sea-based economy in the port city of Bushehr. The research method was descriptive-analytical and based on library resources, upstream documents, limited field studies and content analysis of official reports of Sea-based and economic organizations. The results show that despite having abundant capacities, Bushehr city suffers from problems such as institutional incoherence, weak infrastructure, and lack of coherent planning and lack of investment. However, if management approaches are improved, local authorities are increased and the link between national and provincial institutions is strengthened, this city can become one of the poles of the Sea-based economy in the Persian Gulf region. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224705.html Urban resilience is a key concept in facing natural hazards and requires measuring and strengthening the city's capacity in various structural and institutional dimensions. The present study aimed to analyze the level of resilience in Region 5 of Tehran, emphasizing four dimensions: social, economic, physical, and institutional. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data were collected using a questionnaire and a Likert scale. The statistical population consisted of 384 residents of the region and data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The research findings showed that the average social (3.58) and institutional (3.31) resilience were in a relatively favorable state, while the economic (3.12) and physical (2.87) components were evaluated at a lower level than expected. The one-sample t-test also confirmed a significant difference between the different dimensions of resilience. The results indicate that balanced development of physical and economic capacities along with strengthening social and institutional infrastructure can lead to real improvement of urban resilience. Based on the findings, suggestions were made for improving physical infrastructure, economic empowerment, and improving urban governance. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224786.html Creative city has been proposed as a strategic method in the field of thinking, planning and implementing urban plans. Given the profound changes that are taking place in the city environment, the creativity of officials, business owners, and city residents is a very vital factor in solving many of the city's problems. This research was conducted with the aim of ranking the regions of Ahvaz in terms of having creative city indicators. The research method was based on a descriptive-analytical approach. According to the research conducted on the creative city, the status of the eight regions of Ahvaz in terms of having creative city indicators is not the same and there are many gaps between the regions. Analysis of the findings shows that the urban space vitality index with a weight of 0.384 and the participation index with a weight of 0.070 have the highest and lowest value and priority among the research indicators, respectively. Among the eight regions of Ahvaz, regions two and three have the first and second ranks, and region six with a score of 0.394 is in an unfavorable situation in terms of the level of enjoying the creative city indicators and is known as the most deprived region among the regions. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224869.html Urban regeneration has emerged as a multifaceted strategy to address the challenges of physical decay, socio-economic diversity, and institutional fragmentation in fast-growing urban areas. The main goal of this study was to monitor and explore the current situation of urban regeneration in Urmia, Iran, as well as to propose a localized optimized model for sustainable regeneration of decayed urban fabrics. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach with a survey-based method, data were collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire from 354 residents of inefficient neighborhoods, selected via purposive sampling. The instrument's validity was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha (α=0.85). The analysis of the data utilized inferential statistics, including one-sample t-tests and regression. Results reveal quite favorable managerial, social, and economic dimensions, and were not previously found in relation to physical and environmental conditions. It was apparent that participatory governance, institutional coordination, and supportive infrastructure were key contributors to successful regeneration processes. Findings also highlight important factors that influence successful regeneration, namely participatory governance, institutional coordination, and facilitative infrastructure. Based on a seven-dimensional conceptual framework, this study introduces a context-sensitive model that integrates socio-cultural, economic, physical, environmental, and managerial components, offering both a theoretical foundation and practical roadmap for future urban regeneration projects in Iran and similar urban contexts. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224870.html In today's world, urban health is one of the key components in measuring sustainable development and the efficiency of the urban management system. The concept of "healthy city" according to the definition of the World Health Organization is a city in which all citizens can live in a safe, healthy, dynamic, and participatory environment and have easy access to the services they need. In this regard, analyzing and evaluating healthy city indicators can be an effective tool for measuring the level of dynamism, justice, efficiency, and livability of a city. The present study aims to evaluate healthy city indicators in Ahvaz, as one of the southern metropolises of Iran, and examines various dimensions of urban health in physical, environmental, service, social, and economic dimensions. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library and documentary data, and information was extracted from official sources such as the Statistical Center of Iran, Ahvaz Municipality, Environmental Organization, and the Ministry of Health. Also, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model was used to analyze and rank the urban regions of Ahvaz. The results showed that there is a clear inequality between different urban regions of Ahvaz in terms of access to health services, environmental quality, public spaces, and safe infrastructure. Regions with better access to health services, open spaces, waste disposal systems, and efficient public transportation have higher indices. https://www.gahr.ir/article_224935.html Background and Objective: Landscape metrics are usually the broadest and most diverse measure of spatial scale. Disturbance in environments is an undeniable problem, transforming the landscape into a mosaic of diverse habitat patches. Method:In order to prepare land cover maps and analyze changes, satellite images TM(1988), ETM+(2001) and OLI(1400) were used, respectively, as well as metrics of class area, patch number index, mean patch size, patch density and patch edge density, and mean shape index. The results of the study of landscape change in the Mehran region show that during the first period (1988-2001), the area of forested land in the region decreased by (11446 hectares), while agricultural land increased (1575 hectares). The decrease in the area of forest cover and the increasing trend of agricultural land use indicate the replacement and conversion of the natural cover of the region (mainly "fair rangeland") with agricultural lands. On the other hand, the area of fair rangeland (16974 hectares) has decreased (in both periods) and poor range lands have increased, which indicates the trend of degradation in the study area (in both periods). The decrease in the area of forest cover and fair rangelands in the region and the increasing trend of poor rangeland, agriculture, and barrenland use indicate overall degradation in the region and the replacement of weaker land uses in the region. In addition, in both time periods, the amount of residential and barrenland has had an upward trend, indicating an increase in population and also an increase in human pressure in the study area. Discussion and Conclusion: The results also showed that the increase in the number of patch and the decrease in the average area were two important indicators of degradation, and the trend of degradation and degradation of the landscape was increasing. https://www.gahr.ir/article_225202.html دهستان کلین در سال 1395 دارای 1459 خانوار و 8943 نفر جمعیت بوده و از 22 روستای دهستان، چهار روستای کلین، خانلق، ایراهیم آباد و زیوان به عنوان روستاهای مورد مطالعه تعیین شده است. یافته های تحقیق نشان داد که نخست، اشکال مختلفی از مالکیت بر بخش مسکونی و اراضی در روستاهای مورد مطالعه دیده می شود که برخی از این ها متاثر از روند های تاریخی است. سپس، در زمینه اثبات مالکیت خصوصی برای مسکن روستایی موانعی متاثر از خطاها در طرح هادی روستایی و طولانی شدن دوره بازنگری طرح هادی، و تعارض های مالکیت خصوصی با دولتی، و در زمینه اراضی خارج از بافت روستا(زراعی و غیر زراعی) دریافت تاییدیه و استعلامات از موانع اصلی صدور سند است. بعلاوه این تحقیق نشان داد در زمینه اثرات اقتصادی صدور سند مالکیت شاخص هایی مانند تسهیل روند دریافت وام، قیمت مسکن، اعتبار مالی افراد و افزایش معاملات ملکی در همه روستاها بهبود پیدا کرده و موجب افزایش قیمت زمین و مسکن شده و در زمینه کالبدی و زیست محیطی پیامدهایی مانند تدقیق مساحت واحد های مسکونی و رشد عمودی در بخش مسکونی و ایجاد فضای سبز در مقیاس روستا شده است. https://www.gahr.ir/article_225327.html The aim of the present study was to identify the factors influencing the sustainable development of sports tourism in Iran. This research is applied in nature and employs a qualitative methodology using thematic analysis. The statistical population included university professors and experts in sports management, tourism, and urban planning; managers of tourism agencies; and Ph.D. researchers in sports management and tourism. The research sample was selected from this population using purposive and snowball sampling methods. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews conducted with 15 experts, continuing until theoretical saturation was reached. The validity of the study was confirmed by relevant experts, and the reliability was obtained using the intra-coder agreement method, reaching 84%. The findings revealed 67 key points, 14 concepts, and 6 main categories. These main themes included: individual characteristics of sports tourists, enhancement of tourism infrastructure and services, economic dynamism of sports tourism, management of sports tourism destinations, tourism brand management, and sustainable tourism development. Accordingly, the sustainable development of sports tourism requires coordinated interaction among human, infrastructural, managerial, and environmental factors. It is recommended that policymakers, sports managers, and tourism stakeholders adopt an integrated approach and engage in long-term planning aligned with local capacities to pave the way for the flourishing of sustainable sports tourism in Iran. https://www.gahr.ir/article_225992.html The share of ecotourism in the tourism industry is very high and has an important position. The aim of the present study is to analyze the effective geotourism and geomorphological capacities in attracting tourism in areas of Ilam Province. In this study, two methods, Kobalikova and Feulet and Brill, were used to evaluate the geotourism potential. The Kobalikova method emphasizes scientific and intrinsic, educational, economic, conservation and other values. The Feulet model also evaluates regions in terms of management rate and tourism rate based on natural and human indicators. The areas studied in this study are Helian, Dehloran tourism region, and Bangalal village. The results of the evaluation of the Kobalikwa model showed that the Dehloran region, with a score of 12.75, has the highest score among the studied regions. Based on the evaluation results in the studied regions, the Bangalal geotourism region, with a score of 11.75, has the lowest score among the studied regions, which requires attention to this region for development. The results of the Violet model also showed that among the studied regions, the Dehloran region, with a total score of 11.75 from all sub-indicators, has the highest score. Also, the Bangalal region, with a score of 9.75, has the lowest potential among the studied regions. Based on the results of the management rate, it was found that the Helian and Bangalal regions are in average conditions in terms of protection, and in terms of tourism rates, the Dehloran region, with the highest score, has good conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that the Dehloran tourist area has many capabilities in attracting tourism. Finally, it is suggested that in future studies to evaluate the geotourism capacities of the studied areas of Ilam city, Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba models should be used for a more detailed study. https://www.gahr.ir/article_225993.html This type of tourism, while providing a scientific and educational experience to tourists, helps preserve geosites and natural landscapes. The purpose of the present study is to identify the geotourism potentials of Ilam Province based on the Kubaliqua and National Park models. The present study is of an applied type and its research method is a descriptive survey conducted using a questionnaire. In this study, five geosites in Ilam province (Siahgav Twin Lake, Ema Waterfall, Tang Razianeh, Gachan Waterfall, Dam Lake) were evaluated by presenting 40 questionnaires to tourists in the study areas and also presenting 20 written questionnaires to experts and specialists in these geosites and collecting their data. In this study, first, some geomorphological landforms were identified and their boundaries were determined using library studies, aerial photographs, satellite images, field surveys and interviews. Then, using the Feulet and Kobalikwa models, the tourism potentials of the landforms were examined. The results of the Feulet model evaluation showed that, based on the evaluation of experts and visitors, the Siahgav Twin Lake geotourism area has the highest original value with a score of (7.22) and the Dam Lake has the lowest position with a score of (5.62). Based on the results of the Kobalikwa model, the Twin Black Cow River area with a score of (6.68), the Amma Waterfall with a score of (6.27), the Razianeh Gorge (6.25), and the Gachan Waterfall and the Dam Lake with scores of (6.02) and (5.78) were ranked first to fifth. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a lot of space for improving geotourism in these places and that by investing in improving the infrastructure of these geosites and promoting planning and promotional activities, these areas can attract many tourists and travelers. Finally, https://www.gahr.ir/article_226071.html Identifying entrepreneurial opportunities has a decisive effect on business success. The overall aim of the present study is to analyze the factors influencing the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities among owners of agricultural businesses in the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund of Fars Province. In this research, a survey method was used to collect the required information through a questionnaire. Its face and content validity were confirmed by faculty members of Shiraz University, and its reliability was also examined through a pilot study on a sample of 30 individuals outside the main sample (Barekat Entrepreneurship Fund). The studied population included members of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund in Fars who had active agricultural businesses. According to the stratified random sampling method, a sample of 117 members of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund from the four counties of Shiraz, Kherameh, Marvdasht, and Arsanjan was selected. Path analysis findings showed that variables such as socio-economic conditions, the presence of supportive policies and regulations, financial support, previous entrepreneurial experience, creativity, self-efficacy, risk-taking, the ability to perceive values and needs, the ability to influence others and create positive reactions, human capital, social capital, and entrepreneurial alertness were among the factors influencing the recognition of agricultural entrepreneurial opportunities. Holding personal development workshops, improving the business environment, the formation and development of enterprise activities and professional associations for agricultural businesses, strengthening strong communication and interactions with organizations such as the Technical and Vocational Education Organization, vocational schools, the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, the Engineering Organization, and applied science centers, and categorizing small and medium-sized businesses into industrial clusters to enhance the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities and business development are among the most important suggestions of the research. https://www.gahr.ir/article_226072.html The main objective of the present study is to examine the businesses of agricultural business owners who are members of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund in Fars Province. In this study, a survey method was used to collect the required information through a questionnaire. The study population included members of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund in Fars who had active agricultural businesses. Based on a stratified random sampling method, a sample of 117 members was selected. The results of variance analysis among counties indicated significant differences in terms of location, financial support, socio-economic conditions, access to supportive policies and regulations, human capital, risk-taking, adaptability, entrepreneurial alertness, and opportunity recognition. In most cases, respondents in the counties of Shiraz and Marvdasht had higher averages. Financial support and socio-economic conditions had the highest averages among entrepreneurs in the fields of farming and horticulture, while in terms of entrepreneurial alertness and opportunity recognition, the fields of aquaculture and mushroom cultivation had the highest scores. It is recommended to equip entrepreneurial businesses with location-based planning tools, hold specialized meetings, change management perspectives toward administrative systems, reform structures based on new strategies, decentralize and reform systems and methods to improve the state of innovation and organizational entrepreneurship, and develop new and practical entrepreneurial plans. It is also recommended to accelerate and support new entrepreneurs by providing timely and needs-based facilities, score entrepreneurs, and simplify the licensing process. Strengthening individuals' personality traits is also emphasized. Through the organization of person-centered workshops, personal development can be enhanced. Moreover, families, schools, universities, the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, and the agricultural extension departments in agricultural faculties should each plan and implement activities to strengthen personal development and crisis management for individuals. https://www.gahr.ir/article_226073.html Entrepreneurship is a dynamic process of creating and adding value through business, ideation, and innovation. Women, as a significant part of rural society, must have the opportunity to participate in economic activities to achieve social empowerment, engage in decision-making, and improve their livelihoods. Small businesses, utilizing microcredit facilities, serve as an empowering activity for rural women. This study aimed to examine the life cycle of women’s businesses in the rural areas of Marvdasht County, Fars Province, as identifying the various stages of the life cycle is essential for implementing effective entrepreneurship development strategies at each stage. The study population was 375-unit home-based businesses that were members of microcredit funds in Marvdasht County. The stratified random sampling method with appropriate allocation was conducted, and 190 rural women were randomly selected from occupational groups as strata. The results indicated that, based on the path analysis model of the life cycle stages, the family support variable in the birth stage, the incentive policies variable in the growth and maturity stages, and the independence variable in the decline stage had the most significant positive impact on entrepreneurship development. Educational needs assessment and training of women in technical and psychological aspects, raising the general literacy level, and creating economic and social incentives for women’s empowerment, as well as identifying the cultural and social structure of the community and the challenges of women’s emergence in rural society and turning these challenges into empowering opportunities, were among the policy recommendations based on the research findings. https://www.gahr.ir/article_226123.html Urban Infill Development is an approach that emphasizes the optimal use of internal capacities of cities for sustainable development. This article is descriptive-analytical in nature and method and is theoretical and applied in terms of purpose. The main tool for collecting field data is a researcher-made questionnaire that includes 20 items and is based on a five-point Likert scale (from completely disagree to completely agree). This questionnaire was distributed among 120 people including urban experts, residents of central neighborhoods, and managers related to urban affairs. A study of the potentials of intensification development in Abadan shows that despite the existence of physical and economic problems, there are significant capacities for endogenous revitalization of the city. Among them are abandoned spaces, extensive road networks, and legal grounds. Intelligent selection of target lands, design of participatory projects with residents, reforming legal structures, and providing effective incentives can actualize these capacities. Also, by involving the private sector and directing investments to this area, the urban regeneration process in Abadan can be accelerated. The results show that unused infrastructure, abandoned spaces, social capabilities, and human capital of Abadan can be exploited as the main drivers of intercity development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_226434.html The prevailing discourse in recent policies heavily relies on the dynamics of regional development. Examining the trends in regional development reveals that beyond existing developmental inequalities at the national level, the internal structure of regions has also followed a path that has generally led to unsustainable development. Despite logical and effective efforts, regional planning and development, and its position within the country's planning structure, remains a challenge requiring more comprehensive endeavors. Consequently, this research aims to identify future scenarios for the regional planning system in East Azerbaijan Province. Employing an applied methodology and a combined approach based on scenario writing, this study uses a descriptive-analytical method for data collection. To this end, 24 situations for 8 key factors were defined across three categories: desirable, intermediate, and undesirable. Experts evaluated the interactions between these situations using a matrix questionnaire. The responses obtained from this evaluation were analyzed using Scenario Wizard software, and the results are presented in a qualitative scale. The scenario "Widespread influence of short-term policies on the planning organization," contrasting with the assumption that "planning organizations are independent of short-term policies and formulate long-term and sustainable programs that lead to continuous and balanced development of various regions," is identified as the most probable future scenario with the highest degree of robustness. Following this, the scenario "non-utilization and non-exploitation of local capacities for local, regional, and national development," contrasting with the assumption of "full and proportionate exploitation of local capacities through supportive policies, which strengthens economic and social infrastructure and increases employment and welfare," is the second most probable scenario. https://www.gahr.ir/article_226743.html The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the efficiency of artificial neural network and random forest models in predicting the qualitative and quantitative parameters of groundwater in Dehloran County, Ilam Province. Method: To investigate the qualitative and quantitative parameters of groundwater samples and their effects on groundwater quality, 545 deep and semi-deep wells of the monitoring network of the Ilam Province Water Company were selected during a 38-year period (1986-2024) and the measured parameters EC, SAR, pH, water temperature, and water surface depth were used. Among the environmental (auxiliary) data factors in this study are geological data, land use, vegetation cover indices, derivatives from digital elevation models, distance from mines, distance from roads, distance from rivers, distance from residential areas, rainfall, and population. Findings: The results of modeling the parameters EC, SAR, pH, water temperature and groundwater depth using artificial neural network and random forest models indicate the appropriate accuracy of the artificial neural network model in predicting these parameters, so that the final map predicted the parameters EC, SAR, pH, water temperature and groundwater depth with coefficients of explanation of 0.95, 0.93, 0.64, 0.80 and 0.87, respectively, while the random forest model predicted the parameters EC, SAR, pH, water temperature and groundwater depth with coefficients of explanation of 0.40, 0.77, 0.41, 0.74 and 0.84, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the artificial neural network model has a higher accuracy than the random forest model in predicting groundwater quality parameters. By selecting the appropriate type and number of input factors, using the appropriate and compatible type of artificial neural network, and calibrating it appropriately, https://www.gahr.ir/article_226901.html The rapid expansion of cities is one of the most important spatial phenomena in the world, which has caused numerous concerns by creating destructive environmental consequences and inappropriate spatial changes, especially around large cities. In the meantime, paying attention to the impact of urban sprawl and changes in the rural landscape has led to numerous researches. So far, there has not been a comprehensive study that investigates the scientometrics of this field. In order to fill this gap, reviewing the related articles and using the scientometric methodology of this research was done in three steps: setting, monitoring and analyzing the data set. In the first step, the articles published on the subject were collected from the Scopus database in the years 1979 to 2024, and then in the second step, monitoring documents and 329 articles were selected based on the literature review of this field. Finally, VOSviewer software was used to analyze the citations of previous researches, the authorship and the occurrence of key words. Co-occurrence analysis of words shows that the main focus of researches is on investigating the consequences of the physical expansion of cities and changes in the surrounding landscape. The accumulation of researches related to the subject under study revealed the key words and numerous topics of this field in the center and core of the map. Core keywords include urban sprawl, urbanization, urban growth, peripheral areas, landscape structure, landscape planning, land use change, and landscape change. Of course, the emergence of new research fields such as spatial planning, landscape structure, land use planning, ecosystem and human services provide new opportunities for future research in this field. and it helps policymakers and urban planners develop effective policies and programs to manage urban sprawl and reduce its negative consequences. https://www.gahr.ir/article_226992.html Abstract This study aimed to examine the impact of biophilia on enhancing children’s creativity and improving the characteristics of child-friendly cities. Biophilia, defined as the innate human tendency to connect with nature, was considered in this research as a key factor in fostering children’s creativity and creating more suitable urban environments for them. In terms of purpose, the study is applied research, and in terms of nature, it is descriptive–correlational. The statistical population comprised all children aged 7 to 12 years in District 2 of Tehran, from whom a sample of 386 participants was selected using the Cochran formula and convenience sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 26 items, whose validity was confirmed through expert evaluation and reliability verified by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient above 0.7 for all variables, indicating high instrument reliability. Data were analyzed and hypotheses tested using statistical methods, including correlation analysis and structural equation modeling via LISREL software. Regression analysis results indicated that biophilia has a positive and significant effect on enhancing children’s creativity while simultaneously improving the characteristics of child-friendly cities, including access to green spaces, safety, and facilities for children’s creative activities. Findings suggest that strengthening children’s connection with nature through biophilia-based urban planning can not only improve their creativity but also enhance the quality of life for children in urban environments and lead to cities that meet child-friendly standards. These results can assist policymakers and urban planners in designing more suitable spaces for children. https://www.gahr.ir/article_227010.html Startup is a concept in the world of entrepreneurship and a new set based on new ideas and thoughts that have no previous experience and therefore have their own risks. Despite the rapid expansion of studies, academic literature on this subject is extremely scarce, especially in the field of rural studies, and in particular, the causes of the failure of agricultural startups are not clear. To address this research gap, the present study seeks to examine the harms of startups' failure in marketing and developing the agricultural business cycle in the peri-urban spaces of Tabriz. In terms of data collection, it is of mixed type, based on Q methodology and in the category of applied research. The indicators in the form of five latent variables and 36 explicit variables as Q propositions were theoretically cited and provided to the panel members consisting of 24 idea owners for scoring in a Q-specific ranking table. The villages within a 5 -kilometer radius of Tabriz city are the statistical population of the study. Seven factors or perspectives were extracted: "Individual-Social Challenges", " Progress and Development Challenges ", " Global Innovation Challenges ", " Competitive Advantage Challenges ", " Innovation Challenges in Business and Digital Marketing ", " Global Innovation Challenges and Social Barriers", and "Major Challenges and Fundamental Barriers ". Based on the research results, the statements " Lack of previous experience and having specific risks ", "Failure to pay attention to startups as a compensation for the legacy of agriculture ", " Innovation in business is not recognized as one of the most important sustainable sources of competitive advantage and " Weakness in attracting global talents" were identified as the most important statements in favor of or significant harms to the failure of startups in marketing and developing the agricultural business cycle https://www.gahr.ir/article_227410.html The aim of this research is to analyze the factors affecting the food security of rural households in the Arasbaran region, with an applied and descriptive-analytical approach. In the second phase of the research, structural equation modeling (SEM) and PLS software were used to develop the tool and analyze the data. The statistical population included rural households in the counties of Ahar, Kleiber, Horand, and Khodaafrin in the Arasbaran region, and a sample of 272 people was selected using random sampling method and based on the Krejci-Morgan table. The validity of the tools was measured through content and face validity and their reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the analysis showed that productivity in agricultural production, the quality of transportation infrastructure, and access to financial facilities are the most important components affecting the food security of rural households in the Arasbaran region. Increasing agricultural productivity, by optimizing the use of resources and new technologies, leads to reduced costs and increased access to food. Efficient transport infrastructure also improves farmers' income by facilitating access to markets and reducing waste. Also, access to financial facilities enables investment in modern agriculture and resilience to economic shocks. This research also emphasizes the critical role of government policies and supports in strengthening the economic and social capabilities of households and improving the quality and diversity of agricultural products. The findings are consistent with the research background and show that targeted government supports, along with infrastructure development and access to resources, can significantly improve food security and livelihood sustainability in rural areas. https://www.gahr.ir/article_227428.html Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is a broad field of practice that encompasses a wide range of sustainable development goals, from hydrology and water quality management to urban well-being, heat island mitigation, and thermal comfort. Among the measures that have been considered to reduce the production of polluted stormwater runoff, we can mention permeable pavements, rain gardens, rainwater tanks, ditch baskets, green walls and roofs, tree planting, and extensive lawns, etc. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between water-sensitive urban design and green infrastructures (GI) effective in improving thermal comfort. Therefore, the present study, among the strategies of water-sensitive urban design, only identifies and examines the performance of green infrastructures. The research method of the present paper; It is descriptive-explanatory with a qualitative approach and its analysis method is content analysis. Also; in terms of purpose, it is of an applied type and is in the interpretive paradigm. In this regard, its strategy is retrospective, its question is of what type, and information collection was carried out in a theoretical and library manner. The results indicate that on the one hand, the existence of green infrastructure causes storm runoff to flow less in the environment and prevents the resulting damage. On the other hand, the use of storm water will improve the performance and durability of green infrastructure, which greatly contributes to reducing heat islands and improving thermal comfort. Therefore, there is a two-way relationship between water-sensitive urban design and green infrastructure, in such a way that each improves the performance of the other in order to achieve sustainable development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_227474.html کلمات کلیدی: اقلیم، ژئوفیزیکی، فضای جغرافیایی، آسایش اقلیمی، گردشگری،مدیریت آب وهوا یا اقلیم (climate)که از واژه یونانی کلیما (klima)به معنی شیب یا میل گرفته شده است، نمایش عمومی جو و فرآیندهای هوا دریک مکان یا ناحیه معین طی یک دوره زمانی طولانی است (ذلفقاری،1389،6) اقلیم از موثرترین عوامل ساختاری سیاره زمین است و بدون شک طبیعت، انسان و کلیه مظاهر حیات در سطوح گسترده ای متاثر از شرایط اقلیمی میباشد. اقلیم بعنوان رشته ای قدیمی با دیگر رشته ها ارتباط داشته و برکشاورزی، جنگلداری، زمین شناسی، گردشگری و... دیگر رشته های مربوط به محیط زیست و زندگی روزمره انسان تاثیر می گذارد(کریمی ومحبوب فر،1390، 7) اقلیمهای مختلف کره زمین تحت تاثیر عوامل متعدد شکل می گیرند که مهمترین آنها عبارتند از: خورشید و عرض جغرافیایی، توزیع خشکیها و پهنه های آبی، جریانهای اقیانوسی، ارتفاع، موانع توپوگرافی، بادها و توده های هوا، طوفانها و جهت گیری ارتفاعات. عوامل مذکور همراه با تعداد دیگری از عوامل کوچک مقیاس محلی، خصوصیات آب و هوایی متنوع سرتاسر کره زمین را به نمایش می گذارند(ذلفقاری،1389 ،7) آب وهوا مهمترین عامل در توسعه صنعت گردشگری محسوب می شود. مسافرتهای گروهی و دسته جمعی با شریط آب وهوایی پیوند می خورد. فاکتور اقلیمی یکی از عوامل بوجود آورنده فصول در این مناطق است، بنابراین در صنعت جهانگردی اقلیم در مقیاس محلی یا ناحیه ای از عوامل اصلی فصلی بودن پدیده جهانگردی به شمار می رود. مبحث اقلیم شناسی در صنعت گردشگری دارای اساس علمی قابل ملاحظه ای است. انواع آب و هواها در مناطق مختلف در میزان پتانسیل گردشگری آن منطقه نقش مهمی را بر عهده دارد بطوری که مناطق با آب و هوای معتدل همیشه بیشترین گردشگر را به خود جذب می کنند و مناطق حاره ای که ویژگی فصلی خاص دارند با توسعه قابل ملاحظه جهانگردی همراه هستند https://www.gahr.ir/article_227779.html The agricultural sector is the main and most important source of food supply in the world; Therefore, it plays a significant role in ensuring the food, social and even political security of the countries of the world. Therefore, sustainable water management, especially in the agricultural sector, is one of the requirements that should be considered by the country's planners. Azarshahr plain has played a significant role in providing agricultural products of the region due to its proximity to Tabriz metropolis and the existence of prosperous gardens and agriculture. Due to the intrusion of salt water, the production of agricultural products in the villages around Lake Urmia in this plain has almost stopped. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the factors affecting the sustainable management of agricultural water in Azarshahr county. The research method of this article was a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of the method of collecting data and information by descriptive-correlation method. The study population of this research was the water wheat farmers of Azarshahr city, numbering 240people. In order to select people for the study, a stratified sampling method with proportional assignment was used, and based on the Karjesi and Morgan table, a sample of 149 farmers was selected for the research. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used in the method of partial least squares with the help of SMART PLS software. The obtained results showed that extension, educational, cooperative, supportive, agricultural, economic and social factors have a positive and significant effect on the optimal water consumption for the sustainable development of agriculture in Azarshahr city. https://www.gahr.ir/article_227877.html Rural poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that goes beyond financial deprivation, including lack of opportunities, inadequate access to social services, poor infrastructure, and deprivation of welfare resources. This issue is one of the fundamental challenges in rural communities, especially in a situation where more than three-quarters of the poor population reside in these areas. Reducing poverty in rural areas requires a systematic understanding of the current situation and designing future-oriented scenarios for effective policymaking. The present study aims to identify the drivers and future scenarios of rural poverty in East Azarbaijan Province, using a descriptive-analytical method and a scenario-oriented futures research approach. The conceptual framework of the research is based on ontological and epistemological differences in foresight tools that determine the type of view of the future (as something objective or imaginary, discoverable or constructible). In the first step, 50 factors affecting rural poverty were identified by reviewing scientific sources and reviewing citations. Then, these factors were provided to 34 experts, including university professors, officials of related organizations, and researchers in the field of rural development, through two researcher-made questionnaires. The analysis of these factors was carried out using MICMAC and Scenario Wizard software and based on two matrices of interaction effects and possible situations. The results showed that the rural poverty system is unstable and has strong dependencies between variables. Among them, eight key drivers were identified, of which "lack of sustainable employment" was the most effective. Also, the desired future scenarios emphasize the creation of sustainable irrigation systems, suitable housing, and the realization of gender and cultural equality in access to opportunities https://www.gahr.ir/article_227935.html Today, with the rapid growth of urbanization and the increase in the level of income and welfare of the society and the rapid economic and social growth in countries, in addition to the increase in the quantity and amount of waste, the change in the consumption pattern has led to an increase in the quality of the produced waste, and the proper management of the waste to maintain the sustainability of the environment and preserve health. General is very important. The production waste in the city of Qir and the surrounding area in 1403 is estimated at 23 tons per day and an average of 882 grams per person, which is the waste disposal of the city of Qir mainly in the form of spreading burning and unsanitary on the site level, which has caused the site in critical situation, the research method in this research is field and analytical, and in terms of practical and executive purpose, using the SWOT model on future research and presenting a scenario based on the main goal of this research in connection with urban waste management to the maximum Delivering the environmental benefits resulting from this management is that by using data model application studies and drivers, four strategies have been prioritized and identified for waste management in the city of Qir, and based on that, a scenario has been written, which includes the management strategy and environmental monitoring of the strategy. The activity and executive plan of waste disposal, the waste recycling strategy and the production of compost fertilizer, the strategy of the waste volume reduction program) and finally, the most logical and least expensive way to dispose of the city's waste is sanitary landfill. https://www.gahr.ir/article_227936.html Islam, as one of the world's largest religions, is not only a religious religion but also a way of life for society. It is necessary to study architecture and urban fabric and its constituent elements, considering the prevalence of modernity and elements of modernism and its contrast with the specific culture prevailing in Islamic society, in order to develop the ability of Iranian Islamic architecture and urban planning in line with the growth and prosperity of society, the needs of the day, and the advancement of technology. In this study, which is descriptive-analytical and research-based, and using library and master studies, and studying historical documents, and using photographs of historical monuments, aerial photographs, and field studies, it was conducted to examine the intellectual and religious foundations of the culture and ideology of the Islamic city in new and modern cities. As a result, Islamic culture, as a fundamental principle in the design of new cities, has a significant impact on the physical, social, and cultural structure of these cities. Considering contemporary developments, new cities need to redesign their structures while maintaining Islamic principles. Combining Islamic traditions with modern technologies provides an opportunity to recreate Islamic cities in a sustainable and balanced way. This process can meet the daily needs of urban life while preserving religious identity. Cities like Qaim Mashhad Medina and even modern projects like Masdar in the UAE demonstrate efforts to create an Islamic atmosphere within the context of modernity. https://www.gahr.ir/article_227937.html Since the dilapidated texture in most cities includes the initial core of the city's formation, this disrupts the formation of spatial connection and unity between the central, middle and peripheral parts. The revival of old and dilapidated historical findings in terms of their authenticity and historical and cultural identity, which are referred to as cultural wealth, can be effective and influential in creating a balance between the old and new body in line with the balanced and sustainable development of the city. The aim of this research is to prioritize and determine dilapidated places for spring organization by renovating the dilapidated texture of Shiraz using the AHP model in the GIS environment. In this research, quantitative methods have been used to examine and organize the dilapidated texture of Shiraz. Using descriptive research methods and field observations, the required information has been collected and stored in the geographic information system. Then, the stored information has been experienced and analyzed using the capabilities of the Geographic Information System (GIS) software, and dilapidated places have been determined and prioritized for organization. According to the process and results of the research in the present study, or the formation of a database and by examining important variables such as the population of the desired urban user, the location, the compatibility factor, the desirability, the distance from the other uses, and by utilizing the geographic information system technology, it has been evaluated. Then, through the AHP model, each of the layers was first weighted individually and then their final weight was determined in combination with other layers, enabling decision-makers and officials to visualize the importance of different criteria in decision-making. https://www.gahr.ir/article_227996.html Despite Iran’s significant capacity in strategic agricultural products, its food security faces heterogeneous challenges across farm, market, and policy levels, exacerbating food distribution imbalances, severe price fluctuations, and limited natural resources. The absence of an integrated framework that can simultaneously combine bio-economic-policy factors into actionable scenarios toward 2036 (1415 in the Iranian calendar) is evident. This gap underscores the necessity of a structured method linking micro-level data with macro-level decision-making. The present study aims to design and validate a morphological-scenario model to analyze key factors influencing national food security with a focus on strategic agricultural products. The research employed a mixed-method approach with an exploratory sequential strategy; in the qualitative phase, six primary drivers were identified through document review, while in the quantitative phase, 6,400 possible combinations were evaluated using Morphol software and data from 30 experts, leading to the selection of two optimal scenarios. Findings indicate that the ideal scenario (probability 0.78) simultaneously requires “over 30% reduction in production costs,” “full infrastructure improvement,” and “extensive technological innovation,” yielding the highest positive impact on food security indicators. The alternative scenario (probability 0.62) offers moderate performance with intermediate levels of the same variables. The greatest resistance to change (inertia) is linked to “weak policies” and “low support for local markets.” The results align with international studies and, for the first time in Iran, bridge the gap between micro-level data and macro policies through a morphological approach; the proposed model is applicable to other developing countries facing water and soil resource constraints. https://www.gahr.ir/article_228080.html Rapid urbanization has created numerous challenges in the field of quality of life and urban services. In the meantime, smart city has been proposed as a new approach for sustainable urban development. The present study is applied-theoretical in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of its nature and method. Data and information were collected through library-documentary resource studies, field observations, and visits to organizations in the city of Ahvaz. Quantitative models and TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making models were used to analyze the data. The present study examined the obstacles to a smart city in the metropolis of Ahvaz and, relying on the six smart city indicators, evaluated the degree of compliance of this city with global standards. The findings show that Ahvaz does not perform well in most indicators and there is a large difference between different regions of the city in terms of smart indicators. Region 4 has the best and Region 6 has the weakest situation. Factors such as marginalization, weak digital infrastructure, and lack of effective planning are considered to be the main obstacles. To realize a smart city, it is essential to pay attention to local conditions and promote citizen participation. https://www.gahr.ir/article_228081.html . The main motivation of the present study is to examine the ecological footprint and identify the cultural, economic, social, and infrastructural variables that are influential in the formation of responsible behavior towards the environment; identifying these variables can be effective in providing solutions to improve the quality of the environment. In the present study, in order to design the research framework, first, the basic concepts of the research are examined in general, then, considering the general objective of the research and the specific objectives of the methodology, the method and the way in which the variables are operationalized are described. In this study, the method of collecting data and information is documentary and survey (interviews and questionnaires) and field studies. Respondents included 132 people from 16 villages with more than 200 households, with a population of 60,370, and 18,155 households with experience and knowledge in the field were selected. Sampling was based on simple random sampling and was available. According to the research findings, keywords such as biological capacity and climate change are among the important keywords that have been raised in the field of ecological footprint research between 2014 and 2016. This is while from the second half of 2018 onwards and in 2020, the keyword environmental security is a new word that has created a special link with the word urbanization. The results of the external correlation analysis between the variables indicate that there is a strong relationship between economic capital and cultural and social capital, while there is also an effective and strong relationship between cultural and social capital and consumer lifestyle; Therefore, the ecological footprint is affected by changes in the lifestyle of individuals, which are dependent on the cultural and social capital available in the local community. https://www.gahr.ir/article_228218.html During the last decades,the growth of industries and the consequent excessive consumption of fossil fuels on the one hand,the increase in world population and climate change as the main challenge of development have brought serious consequences for peace and international security,which has become one ofthe important challenges of environmental security at the international level. Therefore,various organizations in the world have studied the dimensions of these changes,which have drawn attention to various social and political consequences of environmental erosion,global warming, conflict over natural resources,and the destruction of the ozone layer,the focus of security studies of the21st century.According to what has been discussed,the current research with a descriptive and analytical approach seeks to answer the central question that how does the consequences of air pollution in the West Asian region affect the environmental security of the Iran?This research is applied and exploratory in nature.The statistical population of the research included a group of experts and experts in geopolitics and environmental security with at least ten years of specialized work experience in strategic jobs and a group of professors from the universities of Da'a and Davos of the Iran Army with specializations related to the subject of the research.The findings of the research showed that climate change is associated with major environmental challenges, the most important of which include crises related to air pollution,major climate changes caused by various types of air pollution and greenhouse gases, fine dust and pollution caused by forest fires that destroy natural ecosystems.And new damage to environmental security. https://www.gahr.ir/article_228244.html This study aims to determine the economic impacts of the Chazaba border market on the adjacent rural and urban regions. The research is of applied nature; methodologically, it is descriptive-analytical, and data collection employed a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The qualitative population consisted of all managers and officials responsible for border markets (particularly Chazaba Market), as well as university faculty members with expertise in border market dynamics. The quantitative population included residents of nearby cities and villages, market employees, and individuals who benefit from the market's effects. Data collection tools comprised interviews and a researcher-designed questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted quantitatively using SPSS software and appropriate statistical tests, including descriptive statistics (mean, skewness, kurtosis), Kendall’s tau, and Friedman's test. Additionally, the internal relationships among factors influencing economic improvement were examined using the DEMATEL decision-making method. The results indicate that the Chazaba border market has exerted positive economic effects on the region through job creation, increased household income, revitalization of local businesses, and infrastructure development. Furthermore, according to the DEMATEL model findings, the most influential factor was the establishment of cultural and economic connections between local populations and traders across the border, with a influence score (D) of 18.248, and the most affected factor was the same, with a score (R) of 18.150. This factor also showed the greatest overall connection with other factors, with a (D+R) value of 36.396. https://www.gahr.ir/article_228583.html Livestock production, as one of the key sectors of agriculture, plays a pivotal role in ensuring food security, creating employment, and sustaining rural livelihoods. In East Azerbaijan Province, due to the ancient culture of animal husbandry and specific climatic conditions, this sector has always been considered one of the economic pillars. However, challenges such as climate change, decreasing water resources, market fluctuations, weak industrial infrastructure, and lack of skilled labor threaten the sustainability and prosperity of this sector. In this regard, utilizing a foresight approach can provide a scientific basis for strategic planning by analyzing long-term trends and identifying key drivers. This research aims to identify key factors and develop compatible scenarios for the prosperity of livestock production in East Azerbaijan Province. The type of research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method with a futures approach. Data collection was carried out through document analysis and completion of questionnaires based on the interaction matrix by 34 experts (including professors, officials and experts in the fields of agriculture and animal husbandry) and the data were analyzed using MICMAC and Scenario Wizard software. Among the 45 initial variables, eight key drivers were identified through structural analysis and data rotation of 98%. Among them, "the impact of climate change on livestock and livestock products" had the greatest direct and indirect effect. Other drivers included access to financial services, fair pricing, preservation of genetic diversity, new technologies, and human resource skills. Finally, nine compatible scenarios were identified, of which two scenarios, "optimal growth" and "export-oriented", were most compatible with the sustainable development goals. https://www.gahr.ir/article_228956.html Futures studies are not just research about the future, but also the identification of human resources and capabilities to build better futures. In a word, futures studies are a set of knowledge, planning, and management of the future. A future that is not linear, but deals with conscious choices and thoughtful human actions. Urban futures studies, as a new approach in urban planning and design, attempt to map the development path of cities in the face of future challenges by utilizing scenario writing methods, analyzing trends, and identifying uncertainties. This article, by reviewing domestic and foreign scientific sources, analyzes the concepts, characteristics, principles, goals, benefits, and perspectives, methods, and applications of futures studies, and examines its role in promoting the sustainability of cities. The research findings showed that futures studies in urban planning are not only a tool for predicting the future, but also a platform for creating a desirable future. By using this approach, we can design more resilient, intelligent, and humane cities that meet the needs of future generations. https://www.gahr.ir/article_228957.html Urban agriculture refers to all agricultural activities including horticulture, crop cultivation, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and afforestation that take place within and around cities. While offering significant advantages, this type of agriculture also faces various challenges. Given the role of cities as focal points for achieving sustainable development, the production of high-quality food in the smallest possible space and shortest time becomes increasingly essential. Accordingly, the utilization of spaces such as rooftops and home gardens can not only help meet part of citizens’ food needs but also contribute to improving the urban environment. This study was conducted with the aim of futures studies on urban agriculture in the metropolis of Tabriz and analyzing the key influencing factors. The research method was descriptive–applied, and data were collected through questionnaires and literature review. Scenario development was carried out using the cross-impact matrix method with MICMAC software and scenario writing with Scenario Wizard. The statistical population included households, urban managers, experts, and local elites in Tabriz Findings indicated that the 50×50 matrix reflected the interactions among 50 factors with 99% accuracy, showing the system to be unstable, although a limited number of variables played central and highly influential roles. Six key drivers were identified: reducing urban food costs, utilizing vacant spaces, enhancing food supply sustainability, lowering food production costs, improving access to healthy food, and supporting local entrepreneurs. Consistent with global studies, these results highlight the importance of urban agriculture in strengthening food security, reducing poverty, and improving social welfare. Finally, three main scenarios (green, yellow, and red) were drawn for the future of urban agriculture in Tabriz, of which only four sub-scenarios demonstrated high consistency. This underscores the need to focus on operational scenarios and to integrate urban agriculture into comprehensive urban planning. https://www.gahr.ir/article_229572.html The concept of rentier state is used for governments that earn about half of their income from the sale of natural resources. The main goal of this article is to adapt the conditions of Iran to the concept of rentier state in the years 1390-1400 and its impact on the economic security of this country. the research hypothesis is that it seems that the conditions in Iran during the aforementioned period were consistent with the concept of a rentier state and its characteristics, and this situation has led to a threat to Iran's economic security. this article has examined this issue using a descriptive-analytical method and library and internet resources. the results show that more than 50 percent of the country's revenues in this decade were obtained from the sale of oil and gas, and tax revenues comprise a smaller share of the country's budget than oil revenues. therefore, the government in Iran in the 2010s is characterized by a rentier government. Budget deficit, the creation of Dutch disease in the economy, lack of attention to regulation and lack of adherence to it, and an increase in the Gini coefficient or inequality in income distribution have been the most important effects of the rentier government on economic security in Iran. https://www.gahr.ir/article_229637.html The aim of the present study was to construct and validate a questionnaire and measure the effectiveness of organic architecture components in designing nature-friendly residential and tourism complexes in Sanandaj city using correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of architecture and urban planning experts and experts in Sanandaj city in 1403. The sample size was determined based on Cohen's table (1992) with a partial least squares approach, considering an error level of 0.05 and identifying a minimum amount of explained variance of 0.05 and a 10-fold rule in PLS-SEM (10×5=50 people). For greater certainty, 410 questionnaires were analyzed using a convenience sampling method among architecture and urban planning experts and experts in Sanandaj in 1403. In practice, 404 questionnaires were analyzed. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the effectiveness of organic architecture in designing nature-friendly tourist accommodations in Sanandaj. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach using 3Smart PlS software. The results showed that the effect coefficients of all component indices were significant (P>0.001). The developed questionnaire had appropriate convergent validity (AVE>0.7) and divergent validity (r>√AVE) as well as reliability (CR & CA>0.7). The values ​​of explained variance (R2<0.67) and predictive fit (Q2<0.35) were acceptable, and the questionnaire had a strong goodness of fit (GOF=0.551). Therefore, the designed questionnaire can be used as a valid tool to measure the effectiveness of organic architectural components in the design of nature-friendly residential-tourism complexes in Sanandaj and other similar cities. https://www.gahr.ir/article_229639.html The concept of urban vitality, as one of the qualitative indicators in the evaluation of urban spaces, reflects the social dynamism, active presence of citizens, and the physical efficiency of public spaces. A vibrant city is a place where collective life, interpersonal interactions, and the utilization of urban services flow within a dynamic setting. The role of physical components in enhancing urban vitality is undeniable, as the proper design of public spaces can provide the foundation for social interactions, a sense of belonging, and citizen participation. The present study aims to identify and comparatively analyze the physical components influencing urban vitality, focusing on the metropolis of Rasht. In line with the applied objective of the research, in addition to employing a descriptive–analytical approach and textual content analysis of the research literature, a purposeful case study was conducted to assess the current condition of the urban spaces of Rasht metropolis from the perspective of physical indicators of vitality. Based on the findings of the first stage of the study, factors such as accessibility, permeability, functional diversity, quality of public space design, and perceived safety are among the most important components that can foster increased urban vitality in metropolitan contexts. The results of the field surveys in the Imam-to-Municipality axis, Motahari Street, and Golsar Street in Rasht, in the second stage of the study, indicate that Golsar Street demonstrates the most favorable condition in terms of “accessibility and continuity” and “architectural and urban design quality” compared to the other two axes. In contrast, Motahari Street, with the lowest scores in the components of “open and semi-open spaces,” “seating and pause areas,” and “social activities,” requires a redefinition of its collective infrastructure. https://www.gahr.ir/article_230003.html Background and Objective: With the increase in migration from the historical context of cities, unused architectures are expanding in the central cores. This leads to changes in the central core, including an increase in the ambient temperature around these buildings. This research aims to investigate the climatic effects of those buildings in the central core of cities (the historical context of Urmia city). Research Method: This research is based on an applied objective and has a descriptive-analytical nature. The Gioni method was used to analyze buildings in terms of shading and materials, etc., and the effective temperature, psychrometric chart, and average temperature of the city were examined with the Climate Consultant software. Using LST maps, heat maps were extracted between 2010-2015-2018, and finally, the historical context of the city was examined in terms of the number of historical and unused buildings. Findings: According to the heat maps, in 2010, the heating of the historical context was higher due to the presence of historical and unused buildings, but in 2015, this figure decreased by 4% and is in good condition by 2018. Considering the decrease in the number of these buildings in the historical context, the psychometric diagram shows that Urmia city is in the thermal comfort range for 1383 hours, and the historical context has allocated a large amount of this range due to the improvement in the conditions of the buildings. Conclusion: Finally, we conclude that the climatic quality in the historical context of Urmia city, especially in relation to the phenomenon of local heating, is directly affected by the physical and functional changes that have occurred in this area, and by decreasing the number of these buildings, it can create a better thermal comfort range for residents. https://www.gahr.ir/article_230736.html The mosque, as one of the most significant religious and social institutions, has always played a fundamental role in educating and guiding younger generations. In light of today’s cultural and social challenges, examining the factors that attract, as well as the obstacles that hinder, the participation of adolescents and youth in mosques is both a scientific and social necessity. This study, employing a descriptive–analytical approach and based on library and documentary research, explores the role of mosque actors (including the imam, board of trustees, and cultural activists), the environmental features of the mosque, and its interaction with families and schools in engaging adolescents. The findings reveal that the personality and conduct of the imam, the exemplary role of cultural activists, systematic planning by the board of trustees, and the creation of an appealing environment aligned with the needs of the younger generation are among the key factors in attracting youth to the mosque. Conversely, weak family and school interaction with the mosque, the lack of programs tailored to young people’s interests, and certain individual and social barriers reduce the sustainable presence of adolescents. Accordingly, it is concluded that realizing the true role of the mosque in nurturing the new generation requires comprehensive cultural–educational planning, the effective use of family and educational system capacities, and the empowerment of mosque cultural activists. https://www.gahr.ir/article_231351.html The global community requires a new social contract, as the miseries, damages, crises, disasters, shortages, and deficiencies of human life have become innumerable. Among these, urban cancer has increasingly morphed into a ruthless phenomenon, manifesting as a conceptual construct under the guise of damage and threat, helplessness, injury and obstacle; yet on the other side, it offers an opportunity for pause, crisis, and reflection. Blending with defiant, uncontrollable behavior and fundamental crises, urban cancer has evolved into a pressing issue. From this perspective, the author endeavors to substantiate the notion that cancer—analogous to a war against all—can, through a conceptual shift, serve as a powerful metaphor driving a campaign against urban cancer. This campaign targets families affected by parental loss and driven by an overwhelming desire for retribution. Essential planning must be undertaken to address the needs of grieving children in pursuit of collective satisfaction and well-being. The aim is to explore the fears and hopes rooted in cancer-ridden cities to foster a deeper understanding of what may transpire within these families. Special attention is given to how awareness and transformation, facilitated through interpreting dyslexia and supporting mourners, can contribute to building a more hopeful and just future.The findings of this research indicate that grief directly impacts the mental, social, and academic well-being of children. These children are more likely than their peers to experience depression, anxiety, loneliness, and decreased academic performance. Additionally, they may encounter difficulties in establishing stable social relationships and gradually lose their social identity. Thus, governments, by providing legal and supportive infrastructures, alongside urban communities offering psychological and social services, can help improve the conditions for these children. This paper also analyzes the reciprocal relationships between governmental support and the efforts of civil institutions to create a supportive environment within urban communities. https://www.gahr.ir/article_232284.html Strengthening rural entrepreneurship as an effective lever in accelerating economic growth and social empowerment plays an important role in the rural development process. Among these, there are capabilities and obstacles that, by identifying them, in addition to the growth and development of entrepreneurship among rural communities, can also provide the grounds for achieving sustainable development. The most strategic economic tool of advanced societies in order to achieve economic development is the development of entrepreneurship, while in Iran, in most cases, the lack of real recognition of the concept of entrepreneurship has led to its introduction as a solution to the problem of unemployment and has diverted institutions active in the field of entrepreneurship from their main mission and summarized the discussion of entrepreneurship in two topics: introductory entrepreneurship training and providing microfinance facilities. However, entrepreneurship development as a macro strategy requires increasing and improving entrepreneurial perceptions, tendencies, and behaviors at all levels, which are rooted in many factors, including educational, political, social, cultural, and economic. Considering that the concept of development has a theoretical and value-based aspect, and that the speed and economic growth and value creation are based on innovation and entrepreneurship, it is necessary to provide the necessary foundation for growth and development based on the value perspective of expert entrepreneurs who transform knowledge and ideas into products, so that the development of agricultural entrepreneurship is based on dynamic goal setting and realistic future vision based on the indigenous model towards comprehensive development and excellence, focusing on the needs of the community. This study, which was prepared in a review method, while examining the concept and nature of rural and agricultural entrepreneurship, also recognizes the dimensions and indicators of entrepreneurship development, and finally presents models and research related to the development of agricultural entrepreneurship. https://www.gahr.ir/article_232344.html The increase in life expectancy and the growth of the elderly population are achievements of humanity. However, population aging presents a significant challenge, particularly for Iran and its capital city, Tehran. Evident in official statistics, the aging population of Tehran has drawn attention in urban studies. Lifestyle changes and declining household incomes have severely impacted the quality of life for the elderly. Given the vulnerability of this age group, establishing infrastructure to enable their safe presence and independent living in urban spaces is essential. Neglecting this issue could lead to the gradual social exclusion of the elderly, along with physical and psychological risks. Without appropriate measures for their safe participation, institutional care often becomes the only option, potentially causing further harm. This challenge is especially pronounced in Tehran, where low birth rates and an increasing average age exacerbate the issue, which could escalate into a critical crisis if overlooked. Due to its demographic, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions, this issue is categorized as a complex urban policy challenge. This study introduces two novel contributions: first, focusing on the implications of population aging in Tehran through a forward-looking perspective; and second, adopting an interdisciplinary and pragmatic approach considering the capacities of Tehran's urban management. Employing a mixed-method and applied approach, this research systematically reviews domestic and international sources. It examines the "active aging" and "age-friendly city" frameworks and proposes actionable solutions for Tehran’s neighborhoods. One key recommendation is the introduction of "Elderly Schools," a low-cost initiative designed to foster a safe environment, enhance the elderly’s social connections, and encourage their community participation. This operationally oriented study aims to improve the quality of life for the elderly and serves as a foundational resource for urban policy development in Tehran https://www.gahr.ir/article_232449.html Economic security reduces the perceived risks associated with investment and encourages long-term commitments that are essential for industrial development and innovation. Accordingly, the purpose of the research is to examine the relationships and effects of economic security indicators on the level of investment attraction in the industrial sector. To examine this purpose, descriptive and analytical research methods have been used. The data collection method was based on documentary methods (statistical data on industry, mining, and trade) and field (opinions of 13 elites). Correlation and regression statistical methods have also been used for analysis. Based on the regression results, the research indicators explain 21 percent of investment and there is a significant relationship between these two variables. However, the regression coefficient showed that other indicators should be included in the equation to analyze and accurately examine the status of capital attraction and investment in the industrial sector. Therefore, this research leaves another path and other indicators and variables open for authors and researchers to examine investment in the industrial sector. https://www.gahr.ir/article_232530.html This study aims to assess the potential role of smart urban technologies in enhancing citizens’ quality of life, with a particular focus on the case of Urmia city. The significance of this topic lies in the fact that contemporary cities face extensive challenges such as rapid population growth, increasing pressure on infrastructure, and the growing demand for sustainable services. Smart technologies can serve as effective tools to improve urban well-being and livability. Methodologically, this research is applied in nature and adopts a quantitative, descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to residents of Urmia and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique via SmartPLS software. In addition, the Importance–Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA) was employed to identify policy priorities. The findings revealed that among the various dimensions of the smart city concept, smart transportation, environmental quality, ICT infrastructure, and urban safety have significant positive effects on improving the quality of life, whereas smart governance and waste management did not exhibit notable impacts. The IPMA results further indicated that although transportation and environmental quality are of high importance, their current performance levels are relatively low and thus should be prioritized in policy-making. Overall, the results provide valuable insights for urban managers and policymakers, helping them to focus on critical domains and effectively enhance the quality of life of urban residents. https://www.gahr.ir/article_232559.html Given the vital role of agricultural exports in economic development and increasing provincial foreign exchange revenues, identifying target markets and products with comparative advantage is of high importance. Prioritizing markets and products can help reduce trade risks, optimize resources, and enhance export competitiveness. This study aims to identify and prioritize the target export markets of East Azerbaijan’s agricultural products, focusing on those with high comparative advantage. To achieve this, quantitative indicators—including average imports, share of national and global imports, import advantage, and import growth rate—along with qualitative factors such as political, economic, infrastructural, and legal conditions, were used to rank markets in a multidimensional manner. Results indicate that grapes, onions, medicinal plants, bell peppers, potatoes, and apricots have the highest export advantage and significant shares in international markets. Primary and secondary markets were identified for each product; for example, grape markets include the USA, Germany, and the UK as primary, and Russia, the Netherlands, France, and Spain as secondary. Apricots, onions, potatoes, bell peppers, and medicinal plants also have clearly defined target markets based on import volume, market growth, and competitive advantage. Eggplant, cucumber, tomato, and apple, due to medium to low comparative advantage, were placed at lower priority. Operational recommendations include focusing on production and standardization of high-advantage products, developing export infrastructure and logistics, improving packaging and branding, managing market regulations and standards, utilizing smart decision-making tools, promoting processing and value addition, and strengthening international cooperation and economic diplomacy. This multidimensional strategy, integrating quantitative and qualitative indicators and expert opinions, can enhance the province’s share in global markets and ensure sustainable export of East Azerbaijan’s agricultural products. https://www.gahr.ir/article_232676.html sanitary landfill is one of the most common and cost-effective methods of waste disposal, and selecting an appropriate site requires careful consideration of environmental factors. The Dehgolan watershed in Kurdistan Province, with a population of over 64,000 (approximately 29.185 per thousand in urban areas), faces environmental and health challenges due to the lack of suitable sanitary landfill locations. The aim of this study is to identify appropriate sites for sanitary landfill placement with an emphasis on land subsidence in the Dehgolan plain. For this purpose, Sentinel-1 radar data over a five-year period (2020–2024) were used to extract and map land subsidence. Subsequently, 21 influential layers were selected across the domains of climate, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, and human activities. To weight the criteria, two complementary approaches were applied: the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), as an expert-based multi-criteria decision-making method, and the CRITIC model, as a statistical and objective method for determining criterion importance. The results indicate that the Dehgolan plain experiences an average annual subsidence rate of 3.5 cm, predominantly occurring in the central, western, and southwestern parts of the plain. Additionally, the consistency ratios of the final weighted layers for sanitary landfill site selection in Tirast software were estimated at 0.07 and 0.06. Findings from the two models revealed that the percentage differences across classes were minimal, with the largest discrepancy observed in the “unsuitable” class (1.54%) and the smallest in the “very unsuitable” class (0.3%). Ultimately, six suitable zones for sanitary landfill placement were identified, among which sites No. 1 and No. 3 were selected as optimal options. The final analysis also indicated that the selected landfill locations are mostly situated in areas with low to moderate subsidence, suggesting the relative stability of these sites compared to regions with severe subsidence. https://www.gahr.ir/article_232798.html Services are one of the basic pillars of urban growth and development, the lack of which can cause many problems. One of the most important services in cities is fire services, whose existence is of particular importance in times of crisis. The main objective of this research is to investigate and analyze the quality of fire services with a spatial justice approach in the city of Urmia. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through the library method. In this regard, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model was used as a powerful tool. This model allows us to accurately measure key and related indicators, such as response time to incidents, population density in each area, access to roads, and physical and demographic characteristics of the areas, to scientifically rank and prioritize urban areas in terms of the level of access and need for fire services. The results of this analysis, which are based on real data and justice-based criteria, can be used as a solid and practical basis for future planning to significantly improve efficiency, promote spatial justice in the distribution of safety services, and ultimately, increase urban resilience against potential accidents and disasters in the city of Urmia. https://www.gahr.ir/article_233193.html Heavy reliance on oil revenues and related activities has created major environmental challenges for resource-rich countries. Assessing and comparing the environmental performance of these countries can provide a roadmap for transitioning towards a low-carbon economy and sustainable resource management. This study aims to comparatively examine the environmental status of 9 of the world's oil giants. This descriptive-analytical research studies a statistical population consisting of Canada, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Required data were collected from reputable international documents and analyzed using two methods: Weighted Sum (Si) and Weighted Product (Pi), along with the calculation of a final composite index (KI) using SPSS and EXCEL software. The results clearly showed a major gap between the studied countries. Based on the composite KI index, Russia (with a score of 4.218), Iran (3.909), and Canada (3.906) had the best performance, respectively. In contrast, Libya (1.094) and Venezuela (3.107) were at the lowest performance levels. Correlation analysis between the Si and Pi indices also showed a significant consistency in country rankings. Findings indicate that the level of oil revenues alone does not determine environmental performance; rather, good governance management, investment in clean technologies, and effective policies are key factors in achieving desirable performance. This study emphasizes the serious need for oil-rich countries, especially Libya and Venezuela, to reconsider their environmental policies. https://www.gahr.ir/article_233204.html The present study is to investigate the role of lithology and tectonics in the longitudinal profile of the Agh Chay River. Given that tectonic studies have not been conducted in the Agh Chay River basin and tectonics is one of the factors affecting the longitudinal profile, it is absolutely necessary to conduct a study on tectonic activity in the basin. The area in question is located at longitude "10'10°44" to "50'57°44" East and latitude "0'3°39" to "40'40°38" North. In terms of topography, the area in question has two units: mountains and plains, which are drained by the Agh Chay River. Geologically, there is diversity in the basin, most of which are mainly related to ophiolite complexes and metamorphic rocks of unknown age, which have high resistance. To achieve the research objectives, morphometric indices have been used, including: river longitudinal slope index (SL), drainage basin shape ratio (BS), drainage basin asymmetry index (AF), standardized SL index (SL/K), hypsometric curve, hypsometric integral (Hi), surface density index of watercourses (P), and valley floor width to height ratio index (V_f). In general, the results of the index measurements show that the region is relatively tectonically active and the amount of activity varies in different parts of the region; meaning that according to the results of all indices, it is almost more active in the downstream part than in other parts. Finally, after examining the morphometric indices in the region, the lat index was also used to estimate the total tectonic activity. Overall, the region can be considered relatively active in terms of tectonic activity. Also, by using the SL index and the intersection of geological formations with the river profile, the effect of lithology on the longitudinal profile of the river is clear. https://www.gahr.ir/article_233395.html Indigenous knowledge studies on rangeland ecosystem utilization play a crucial role in understanding the interactions between local communities and their environment, as well as sustainable natural resource management practices. This research systematically analyzes existing studies in this field, examining key concepts, methodologies, and findings related to indigenous rangeland management knowledge in Iran. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, conducting a comprehensive literature review to synthesize and integrate findings from existing research.The results indicate that indigenous rangeland management knowledge in Iran exhibits significant geographical diversity and is closely adapted to the ecological, cultural, and social conditions of each region. Various management systems have been developed across different areas, including specific livestock grazing techniques, the use of medicinal and edible plants, and rangeland restoration practices. The reviewed studies suggest that many of these traditional methods align with modern ecological principles and can contribute to sustainable rangeland management. However, substantial portions of this knowledge, particularly in understudied regions, remain undocumented. Additionally, intergenerational transmission of this knowledge is weakening, highlighting the urgent need for its documentation and analysis.This study demonstrates that integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific approaches can lead to more effective management models. Nevertheless, structural barriers, such as limited inclusion of local communities in rangeland policy-making and decision-making processes, persist. Accordingly, future research should focus on systematically documenting indigenous knowledge across different regions, developing integrated management frameworks, and establishing participatory mechanisms to incorporate this knowledge into policy-making. The study also emphasizes the importance of preserving Iran’s diverse indigenous rangeland management knowledge as a valuable heritage and an effective strategy for sustainable natural resource management. https://www.gahr.ir/article_233924.html Climate change can profoundly alter precipitation patterns within watershed systems, leading to fluctuations in intensity, timing, and spatial distribution of rainfall, thereby posing significant challenges to water resource management. This study investigates the impacts of climate change on precipitation variability in the Babolrood watershed. To this end, large-scale climate data from the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR6) and the CanESM5 model were downscaled using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). Observational data from four rain gauge stations (Diva, Galougah, Miyandasht, and Ghoran-Talar) were compiled over a common baseline period (1994–2024), following statistical quality control, outlier removal, and homogeneity testing. Model performance was evaluated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). Results indicate a significant decline in precipitation across the watershed during 2020–2100. While the seasonal pattern remains intact—with autumn as the wettest season—precipitation intensity has decreased, particularly in autumn and summer. Monthly rainfall is projected to decline by 10–30% across all scenarios, with SSP5-8.5 showing the most severe reductions. Even under the optimistic SSP1-2.6 scenario, notable decreases highlight the region’s vulnerability. These changes may disrupt hydrological cycles, reduce surface runoff, increase evaporation, and threaten water reserves. https://www.gahr.ir/article_234155.html Todeshk, in the east of Isfahan province, is a city with a historical background and a combination of natural and cultural geographical features that have given it a special identity. The location of this city on the historical Isfahan-Yazd route, the presence of a semi-arid climate, and the qanat are among the most important elements of its natural geography. Also, mosques, cisterns, coffee houses, etc., which constitute an important part of its cultural geography. The main issue of the present study is to examine the relationship between these natural and cultural factors and their role in the formation and continuation of the spatial identity of Todeshk. The purpose of this study is to explain this link in order to provide solutions for the protection of cultural heritage and the sustainable exploitation of the city's natural capacities. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through field interviews with residents and local experts, and library studies have been used as a supplementary source. The findings show that the geographical location and specific climate of the region have paved the way for the formation of sustainable settlements, and at the same time, historical monuments, architectural texture, and indigenous rituals have established the city's cultural identity. https://www.gahr.ir/article_234509.html Consequently, a precise understanding of climatic patterns is essential for various planning activities, including those in the economic, agricultural, and industrial sectors. This study employed multivariate statistical methods to identify climatic sub-regions in Central Iran. Data from 15 meteorological stations over specified statistical periods were collected and analyzed. Zoning maps were prepared using ArcGIS software. The objective of this research was to identify climatic sub-regions in the study area using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. The use of multivariate statistical methods proved to be an effective tool for determining these climatic sub-regions. The results revealed that two factors, precipitation and maximum temperature, play the most significant role in creating climatic diversity in Central Iran. Together, these two factors account for 73.57% of the climatic variation in the region. By performing Hierarchical Cluster Analysis using Ward's linkage method on the matrix of factor scores, four main zones and their sub-regions were identified. The findings of this study can be useful for regional and local planning in various fields, including agriculture, water resources, and urban management. https://www.gahr.ir/article_234728.html Abstract One of the most important issues facing today's societies is environmental problems. Environmental problems have generally received attention since the 1950s; But their origin is based on much older histories. In this research, the relationship between man and nature is first mentioned. Ancient Greek philosophy and the Enlightenment period are important for the transformation of the relationship between man and nature. In this regard, the philosophical views of philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Bacon are emphasized. This research compares the views before and after modernism with a descriptive and analytical method. After examining the relationship between man and the environment in the classical and medieval eras, he discussed its development in the modern era and its consequences in the formation of ecological thinking in the next period. The negative consequences of the industrial revolution have been effective in the formation of ecological sensitivity. Another factor that is effective in the formation of ecological thinking is scientific studies in the field of ecology In this research, philosophical thoughts and scientific studies effective in the formation of ecological worldview are examined. The most important of them are Malthus' population theory, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, Ernst Haeckel's contributions to ecology, Karl Marx's ecological views and Bertalanfi's general system theory. Considering the ecological problems we are facing today, the need to review the relationship between man and nature is revealed. In this study, what Enlightenment thinkers developed in the design of human-nature relations (mechanical worldview) will be discussed and criticized, and an attempt will be made to reveal clues of the foundations of ecological worldview from their criticisms of the Enlightenment https://www.gahr.ir/article_234810.html Rapid urbanization and inefficient housing policies in Iran have led to the expansion of informal settlements and the emergence of numerous social, spatial, and institutional challenges. As the country's second-largest metropolis, Mashhad, characterized by high migration concentration and inadequate spatial planning, hosts over 30% of its population in informal settlements. This study aims to design and prioritize a localized model of urban governance strategies for the sustainable organization of these settlements. The research adopts an applied-descriptive methodology, employing an integrated analytical framework comprising urban governance indicators (participation, transparency, accountability, institutional coherence, and spatial justice), SWOT analysis, and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Data were collected through questionnaires (384 residents) and semi-structured interviews with 25 urban managers and experts. Questionnaire reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.812, and data were analyzed using Super Decisions software. Findings reveal that governance indicators in Mashhad’s informal settlements are in an unfavorable state, with transparency (mean: 1.66) and accountability (mean: 1.72) being the most critical. ANP results indicate that "establishing a local accountability system" (weight: 0.280) and "forming local councils" (weight: 0.250) are the most crucial strategies for enhancing urban governance. Additionally, "information transparency" (0.190), "development of infrastructural services" (0.150), and "institutional integration" (0.130) were identified as subsequent priorities. The study concludes by emphasizing the necessity of transitioning from purely physical approaches to participatory governance, highlighting that software and institutional strategies take precedence over physical interventions. The primary innovation of this research lies in its application of a tripartite analytical framework (governance indicators + SWOT + ANP) for the quantitative prioritization of organizational strategies, which can be generalized to other Iranian cities and developing countries. These findings can inform policymaking for municipalities, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, and local institutions in sustainably managing informal settlements. https://www.gahr.ir/article_235372.html Background and Objective: Today, decision-makers in dealing with drought consider the integrated management approach of crisis management and risk management simultaneously. So far, Golestan province has suffered a lot of damage from drought risk. Method: In order to determine the meteorological drought status, the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was used in this study. First, monthly rainfall statistics from 15 selected meteorological stations in the region were collected and tested for accuracy, precision, and homogeneity of the data during the common period of 2000-2020. For each of the stations in question, the percentage frequency factor of meteorological droughts was determined on an annual time scale. Then, the Drought Hazard Index (DHI) was extracted by assigning weights and degrees to each of the different intensities. Also, the vulnerability of meteorological drought was calculated using physical and socio-economic indicators, and then the vulnerable zones of drought were determined. Finally, based on the two factors of drought risk susceptibility and vulnerability, the risk or damage of drought was calculated, and then the vulnerable zones of meteorological drought were determined. Findings: The results of the study on drought conditions showed that the most severe droughts occurred in the region in 2005, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Based on the drought risk index, the results showed that the northrn part of the region and its central part, with an area equivalent to 16 percent in the SPI index, 37 percent in the VCI (Vegetation Condition Index) and 20 percent in the VHI (Vegetation Health Index) indices, and 22 percent in the TCI(Temperature Condition Index) index, of the area of Golestan province, are susceptible to very high risk of meteorological drought. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the risks and vulnerabilities caused by meteorological drought seriously threaten Golestan province https://www.gahr.ir/article_235792.html Abstract: Ahar County is one of the northern counties in East Azerbaijan, which despite having geosites and vast landscapes, as well as possessing pristine and beautiful areas, has not been able to achieve a worthy position in attracting tourism and developing geotourism. Despite having high tourism potential, it is still in the early stages of tourism industry development. The reason for this issue can be attributed to the lack of facilities, services, and amenities related to tourism, as well as management and supervisory systems. The effectiveness of geotourism in Ahar County depends on the active participation and cooperation of many stakeholders, including local communities and tourism organizations. The aim of this research was to assess the geotourism capabilities of Ahar County using the GAM and M-GAM models. Accordingly, first the geosites of Ahar County were selected, and then based on questionnaires, expert and tourist opinions, field evidence, and library documents, the relevant data and information about the sites were collected and processed. The results indicate that in the GAM model, the geosites of Fandoghlu Forest Park, Tarkhan Dam, and Noudouz Castle are prioritized with scores of 16.75, 15.87, and 13.87 according to experts, respectively. In the M-GAM model, the geosites of Fandoghlu Forest Park, Setarkhan Dam, and Yuseflu Wetland are prioritized with scores of 16, 15.5, and 12.14 according to tourists, respectively. Additionally, based on the zoning matrix, the scientific-educational, aesthetic, landscape, and conservation values are higher compared to the scientific and tourism values. https://www.gahr.ir/article_236262.html This research was conducted with the aim of “Investigating the role of factors affecting the spirit of destruction in public spaces of Ahvaz city (Case study: Region 1)”. Based on the nature of the subject and the objectives that have been considered for it, it is theoretical-applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method of research implementation. Two documentary and survey methods were used to collect the desired data. The statistical population of the age group (25-65 years) living in Region 1 of Ahvaz city is equivalent to 77876 people and the sample size is 380 people based on the Cochran formula. SPSS and Excel statistical software were used to analyze data collected from questionnaires and other sources. The findings indicate that the weakness in the application of formal supervision and especially spontaneous social supervision (such as the control that neighbors exert on each other or the sense of collective presence in the space), as a key factor, directly contributes to the significant increase in destructive behaviors in public spaces in District 1 of Ahvaz. Visual inconsistency and lack of coherence in the design of urban elements in District 1 of Ahvaz are statistically significantly associated with an increase in destructive behaviors. These results strongly support the view that unpleasant, disorderly, and unmaintained urban environments weaken the sense of "common ownership" and "valuation" in citizens and act as a catalyst for the emergence of antisocial behaviors. This study conclusively shows that the spirit of vandalism in public spaces of District 1 of Ahvaz is a multifaceted phenomenon that is rooted in social factors (decreased social supervision) and physical factors (visual inconsistency in urban design), both of which play an influential role in increasing vandalism behaviors. https://www.gahr.ir/article_237646.html Investigation of urban vitality factors ( comparative study of Salmanfarsi and the 13 east street keyanpars in Ahvaz) Abstract understanding the concept of urban vitality is crucial for planning and designing of modern cities . in simple terms , a vibrant urban space is a space that people spend not only by force , but also by their desire to spend , walk , play , and thus give life to the city . . perhaps the most important part of a street in the streets of the street is the of the difference between the city and the village can be studied in the presence or absence of a street with different and diverse functions and it can be said that the city is built to use the car at least one street with different and diverse functions . but today , the successful cities of the city should be human and the street can be in human service . the purpose of this paper is comparative study of urban vitality factors in two famous streets in ahvaz city . this research is an applied research in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive - analytical and its data collection method is survey research . the population of this research is 1344000 persons according to the population of Ahvaz . the sample size was determined as 384 individuals and were selected by random sampling . t - test and pearson correlation were used to analyze the results .results show that the average of urban vitality indicators in the street of Salman farsi is better than the 13 east street . keywords : Vitality , City , Street , Index , Ahvaz https://www.gahr.ir/article_238094.html Abstract Considering the importance of using eco-oriented architecture with identity in the design of eco-tourism residences, this article is looking for a guideline in which the compatibility of the architectural design with the project context is done and integration and coherence are created in the environment. Therefore, the design of the eco-tourist complex in port cities combined with the use of Islamic and spiritual concepts and values ​​derived from the nature of the region, in addition to creating a space to enhance the comfort and well-being of clients and travelers visiting port areas, can evoke spiritual concepts in a way Hidden in the heart of the sea in the form of the form and concept of the collections madeSimple random sampling was used to select the statistical sample. The research method in the current study is the feasibility of ecotourism development in Ahvaz city. This is a descriptive analytical method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, one-sample T-test, ANOVA test, and Lunn's test were used to analyze the data. The results of this research indicate the positive impact of ecotourism on The quality of urban life of Ahvaz people. In this research, the components of quality of life with six components of health and hygiene, social status, housing status, infrastructure, economic status, leisure timeIt has been studied that the results showed that ecotourism activities had a negative impact on the health and social status of the people of Ahvaz and a positive impact on other dimensions. https://www.gahr.ir/article_238250.html Background and Objectives Urban green network development and ecological connectivity enhancement in landscapes, especially in metropolises like Tabriz, are central to urban planning. These networks preserve biodiversity, elevate citizen well-being, and strengthen environmental resilience. Yet, rapid urbanization has degraded green spaces, fragmented habitats, and weakened ecological ties. This study examines the ecological network structure in Tabriz's District 2 and proposes enhancements for its functionality and quality. Materials and Methods Geospatial data on land use and vegetation in District 2 of Tabriz informed this analysis. Ecological connectivity was evaluated using ArcGIS Pro, Conefor, and Linkage Mapper. Graph models and least-cost path theory assessed green patch linkages and optimal corridors. Metrics including edge density (ED), landscape shape index (LSI), mean patch size (MPS), and patch number (NP) were quantified. These tools identified critical zones and actionable improvements. Results and Discussion Unrestrained urban growth over four decades in District 2 has surged built-up areas by 220% and shrunk green spaces by 3.7%. Elevated ED and LSI signal green space fragmentation and ecological disunity. Declining MPS and rising NP indicate habitat dispersal and shrinkage, endangering biodiversity, livability, and resilience. Indices like largest patch index (LPI) and cohesion reveal sustainability neglect, eroding natural networks and public health. Mitigation strategies encompass ecological corridors, land-use optimization, and nature-based solutions to restore linkages and bolster resilience. Conclusion Findings underscore rapid urbanization's harm to District 2's ecological framework. Restoration via corridors, fallow land protection, landscape ecology planning, and ecological bridges is advocated. These enhance network efficacy and model solutions for similar cities. Future planning must prioritize ecological principles and sustainability to curb degradation and balance growth with conservation. https://www.gahr.ir/article_238281.html Source Separation of Waste as an Effective Strategy for Reducing Pollution and Increasing Recycling Rates has gained particular importance in addressing the challenges of rural waste management. This study aims to analyze the behavior of rural households in source separation of waste and to identify the factors influencing the enhancement of environmental participation, conducted in Khararud Rural District of Khodabandeh County. The research is applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in nature, carried out through a survey method using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes all households residing in Khararud Rural District, and the sample size was determined to be 378 households using Cochran’s formula. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and both descriptive and analytical statistical tests. Findings revealed that household separation behavior is in the transitional stage from theoretical awareness to practical action, shaped by demographic, infrastructural, socio-economic, and institutional factors. Indicators such as personal motivation, cooperation with neighbors, and local education play a significant role in enhancing participation, while weaknesses in separate waste collection and lack of separation equipment are major obstacles to sustaining the behavior. Moreover, the analysis of household responses indicated that strategies such as strengthening infrastructure, targeted education, financial incentives, and institutional trust-building https://www.gahr.ir/article_238720.html Tourism is one of the main elements of development and geotourism as a type of sustainable tourism has been of particular importance in the development of the tourism industry of countries. The study area in this study is 11 geotourism areas of Qorveh County. The present study is an exploratory and applied descriptive-analytical study that evaluated the study areas using the Brilha model. The selection of sites was made by four factors: reputation, integrity, geology, security, and accessibility, which was done by the authors after studying and identifying the geomorphological characteristics of the sites using library studies and field surveys. The research findings show that in terms of scientific values, Badr and Parishan regions have the highest geosite score of 325, and mineral springs 1 and 2 have the lowest score of 145. In the field of educational values, the sites of Sarab Qorveh, Seyyed Jalaluddin Tomb, Chesme (Tengz) and Ajdha jointly achieved the highest position with a score of 300, and the lowest position was for Mount Farhadtash and Farhadabad Bridge with a score of 265 and 285. In the field of tourism values, the highest score was for the sites (Babagargar Complex of Chesme 1 and 2, Chesme (Tengz), Ajdha), Sarab Qorveh and Farhadabad Bridge with a similar score of 315, and the lowest score in this field was for Mount Farhadtash with a score of 290. In the field of values of risk of destruction, the sites of Sarab Qorveh, Chesme 1 and 2, Ajdha, and Seyyed Jalaluddin Tomb achieved the highest risk of destruction. Of the total number of sites, 8 sites are at medium risk of destruction and the rest have a low risk of destruction https://www.gahr.ir/article_238798.html Security is one of the basic needs of human beings and is of great importance. To the extent that before entering a place or doing something, a person first assesses its safety. Security in urban spaces is one of the important and effective indicators of the dynamism and activity of urban spaces. Women, compared to men, limit their activities and use urban spaces less due to their characteristics and feelings of insecurity. Therefore, this article examines the sense of security of women in urban spaces. This research is a descriptive survey, and its statistical population consists of women over 15 years old. Due to the lack of accurate statistics on the number of women visiting Shahid Hashemi Park, the approximate statistical sample size was determined to be 100 people. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, and its value was 0.79. Data and information were analyzed descriptively and inferentially in Spss software. Descriptive information is displayed in the form of graphs, and inferential information was tested using Spearman and multiple regression methods. Based on the Spearman test, the variables of park furniture, supervisory institutions, and land uses around the park are effective on women's sense of security, except for the personal characteristics variable, which with 95% confidence has no effect on women's sense of security. Also, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that with a coefficient of determination of 52%, it can be said that the variables of supervisory institutions, park furniture, and land uses around the park affect the level of women's sense of security. https://www.gahr.ir/article_238970.html Tourism attractions are one of the main elements of the tourism industry, without which it is difficult to create demand and interest for a tourism destination. On the other hand, eco-lodges, which have become common in rural tourism in recent years, are considered one of the most important components of rural tourism development. Without a doubt, creating eco-lodges and creating a platform for their development will have many economic, social, cultural and environmental effects. However, since industrial tourism is competitive and the quality and satisfaction of tourists is an important element in this competition, the present study aims to investigate the factors affecting tourist satisfaction and seeks to answer the question: To what extent does the architecture of eco-lodges affect tourist satisfaction and their desire to stay again? This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information in two forms: documentary and survey. Accordingly, a questionnaire to measure the level of tourist satisfaction with the quality of eco-lodges was prepared and standardized using statistical methods. The statistical population of the study consists of rural tourists in 5 ecotourism accommodation centers. To determine the sample size, the Cochran formula for an unlimited population with a confidence level of 59% was used, which resulted in an estimated sample size of 250 people. The data were analyzed with PASW software and the CSM index. The results of this study show that the basic and physical needs indicators had the highest satisfaction and the socio-cultural indicators had the lowest satisfaction. https://www.gahr.ir/article_239070.html Urbanization, industrialization, and globalization have brought about changes in the built environment. Internal migration in the city and the rapid increase in urban population have led to inadequate housing to meet the need for shelter and created a housing deficit and need. One of the measures taken to meet this need was the emergence of mass housing production. Increasing qualitative satisfaction with the house and its surroundings creates the necessary environment for living in which people enjoy life, are happy, and have greater spiritual satisfaction. In determining quality, user satisfaction, which constitutes user perception and criticism, is the main determinant of quality. Iran and Turkey are countries where mass housing production is increasing. When studies on mass housing in these two countries are reviewed, it is observed that there are not enough scientific studies to analyze user expectations and satisfaction. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is applied in terms of purpose; the aim of which was to determine and reveal the factors affecting user satisfaction in mass housing projects in Iran and Turkey. The data collection tool (questionnaire) was prepared in line with the identified factors. Four selected Toki housing sites in Balikesir province in Turkey and 2 sites of Mehr housing in Iran were surveyed. User expectations, quality of built components and other factors determining the level of satisfaction were compared. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between the identified factors and user satisfaction. The fact that there are factors that increase this satisfaction is confirmed by the data obtained from the survey results. https://www.gahr.ir/article_239071.html Abstract A city is a living space that develops dynamically over time. Over time, cities grew uncontrollably with applications such as multi- stratum structures, impervious surfaces, floor and roof elements covered in dark colors. The result of this; Reduction in green areas, reduction in air flow and evaporation, wind speed, direction and air temperature difference between urban and open areas, heat island effect, degraded soil, an artificial living environment has been created. This makes sustainable living in cities increasingly difficult. Therefore, it has revealed the necessity of sensitive approaches to the environment The current research is applied in terms of type and descriptive and analytical in terms of essence and method. The methods and tools of information gathering include library and field methods. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental views of citizens in the country and provide an alternative solution for urban environmental problems. The statistical population of the research (5892 people) is from the residents of East Azarbaijan and Zanjan provinces who randomly participated in the study. This study shows that different demographic groups in the country express similar environmental concerns. However, it shows that they lack institutional mechanisms through which they can communicate these concerns to political actors. Finally, it highlights the comparison of Iran with different countries, such as Bulgaria and Germany, which have been able to provide effective solutions to environmental problems. https://www.gahr.ir/article_239072.html Natural and social resources are not distributed equally in urban spaces, and this unequal distribution leads to unbalanced urban and urbanization development and causes socio-economic differences in urban areas. Cities with diverse socio-economic characteristics in the future; cause people in different regions to choose places for their dynamics (such as social status, occupational and cultural characteristics, lifestyle, income, kinship, citizenship, etc.); and this shapes the socio-economic differences of the place. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of demographic characteristics, socio-economic characteristics, housing characteristics and urban function in the spatial segregation of the city of Zanjan; how these characteristics have shaped the urban space and caused segregation in the urban space of Zanjan. The present study is considered descriptive and survey (analytical) in terms of research method, and the field research method is applied based on the purpose. Considering the objectives of the research and its nature, the most appropriate method for collecting the required information is to use a questionnaire. A survey of 290 residents of the neighborhoods was conducted using convenience sampling, and the collected data was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods, and conventional correlation. The findings indicate a gross spatial distinction between the northeastern, central, and southwestern neighborhoods of Zanjan city. Therefore, socio-spatial inequality in different regions of Zanjan city is the result of the dynamics of the urbanization system in Iran and the result of the capitalist system. https://www.gahr.ir/article_239222.html Wetlands, as one of the most important natural ecosystems, play a fundamental role in preserving biodiversity, environmental balance, and securing the livelihoods of human societies. However, these valuable ecosystems have faced serious threats in recent decades due to excessive exploitation, unsustainable development, and weak legal systems. The present article aims to examine the rights and regulations related to wetlands in domestic and international documents and analyze the legal frameworks governing the protection, exploitation, and management of wetlands. In this regard, first, the most important domestic documents and regulations related to wetlands are examined, and then the position of wetlands in international documents, especially the Ramsar Convention and other related environmental treaties, is analyzed. The research findings show that although relatively comprehensive documents have been developed at the international level to protect wetlands, there are challenges in the domestic legal system such as the dispersion of laws, weak enforcement, and institutional inconsistency. Finally, the article emphasizes the need to strengthen the coordination between domestic laws and international obligations and to improve the legal system for wetland protection by providing suggestions. https://www.gahr.ir/article_239384.html Land reforms had also been carried out in countries like China, Algeria, the Philippines, and even the Soviet Union. Land reform was started 60 years ago. Three stages were planned for land reform. In this review study, we will examine the process of land reforms in Iran before and after the Islamic Revolution. In this study, articles were reviewed using data banks and the keywords 'land reforms,' without any time restrictions. The advantages of land reforms included the weakening of the feudal system and the emergence of technological infrastructure in villages. On the other hand, one of the disadvantages during the allocation process was that some of the transferred lands did not have the required quality and were unable to produce. Additionally, capitalists migrated from the villages, and in some cases, the villagers became poorer. Further studies are needed to determine the advantages and disadvantages and to correct the allocation of rural lands. https://www.gahr.ir/article_239683.html The Kabudar Ahang Plain, located in Kabudar Ahang County (located in the geographical area between 35 degrees and 3 minutes to 35 degrees and 4 minutes north latitude and 48 degrees and 45 minutes east longitude), has been experiencing the most severe subsidence in recent years. In this article, radar interferometry techniques and images from the Sentinel-1 radar satellite and descent orbit images between 2018 and 2023 were used. Due to the location of the study area in different imaging tracks, two ascending and two descending paths were used, and then the radar interferometry results in both ascending and descending paths were combined (merged). In the machine learning model, along with ten layers such as DEM, slope, slope direction, curvature, distance from aquifer, distance from road, distance from river, distance from well, and NDVI and NDWI, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model (SRTM) with a spatial accuracy of 90 meters was used to predict displacement. The results of the studies show that the highest subsidence rate occurred in the southeastern parts of Kabudarahang County due to the major influence of the elevation of the study area and areas with high vegetation cover. The highest subsidence occurred in the radar interferometry method and the RFR and GBR models was -3.9, -8.16, and -7.17 mm/year, respectively. The amount of subsidence calculated by machine learning models is greater than that by radar interferometry; while the difference in calculating the maximum uplift that occurred in the study area between machine learning models and radar interferometry is less. The values ​​of R2, RMSE and MAE obtained from machine learning models do not differ significantly compared to each other and the results obtained from these models have high accuracy. https://www.gahr.ir/article_239727.html The resilience of rural livelihoods in mountainous areas exposed to environmental hazards is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. The present study aimed to identify and analyze the factors affecting the resilience and sustainability of rural livelihoods in Horand County in the face of environmental constraints (such as drought and soil erosion). The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature with a survey approach. The statistical population of the study included heads of households living in villages with more than 50 households in Horand County, which were selected using the Krejci and Morgan table, with 384 people as the sample size and selected using the stratified random sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), the validity and reliability of which were confirmed. Data processing was carried out using an exploratory factor analysis test in the SPSS software environment. The findings led to the extraction of 6 key factors that explain a total of 62.46% of the total variance of resilience changes. These factors include, in order of priority, “family psychological and motivational capital” (with the highest factor loading), “productive capacity and livelihood innovation”, “institutional trust and rituals”, “civic responsibility”, “support networks” and “dual fundamental trust”. The results show that in the ecological context of Horand, resilience is a multidimensional construct in which psychological and social components (such as hope for the future and traditional solidarity) are important along with technical and economic infrastructure. Therefore, development strategies should focus on combining psychological empowerment with economic diversification. https://www.gahr.ir/article_240293.html The purpose of this research is to introduce and evaluate the ideas of utopia, dystopia, and ecodystopia. To give meaning to Utopia, first the roots of this genre, the foundation of the texts and its evolution are introduced. In this research, in the framework of discussions of totalitarianism and capitalism, it has been claimed that utopia is not only a literary genre, but also an attempt to build the future of society, a better life by criticizing the current human condition. The question "What is Utopia?" It emerged in line with the discussions and ideas that will be mentioned during the study. By using the novels We, Brave New World, 1984, Fahrenheit 451, which are among the classics of dystopian literature, it is tried to answer the question "Is modern society a kind of "dystopia"? Be answered. These works, which deal with social and political issues, have displayed important problems related to the time of their writing, and in them political discourse and technological criticism are at the forefront. But the topic of ecology, which is more important than other issues today, has been the focus of the writers' attention. Because the danger and threat caused by environmental destruction on the world leaves behind many problems. According to the works presented in this research, it can be said that the tradition of dystopia in world literature first proceeded with a political and technological critique. Then it deals with the topic of ecology. Baydar's novel titled "The Night of the Dogs", which was the first environmental dystopia in Turkish literature and was written with concern for environmental problems, draws the attention of mankind to an environmental disaster to increase the reader's awareness. https://www.gahr.ir/article_240294.html The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying of the effective Indicators in the production of peri-urban spaces using a qualitative-quantitative method with an exploratory approach. In the first stage, in order to identify the effective factors in the production of peri-urban spaces, 30 questionnaires were conducted with the Urban planning - agriculture experts and university professors who were selected by snowball method, in the form of five Indicators and 20 items. In the second stage, the fuzzy Delphi technique was used in two stages to reach a group agreement between the experts and screen the findings from the first stage. The findings indicate that the production of peri-urban spaces (garden cities) around Zanjan city cannot be joining in the physical development process of Zanjan city. The results of the questionnaire, which was obtained using the Delphi technique in two stages, reflect the inefficient urban management, the not of legal transparency and the existence of various clauses and notes about the change of land use, the not of clarity of supervisory responsibility and decision-making, the capitalist rentier economy. and... as effective Indicators in the creation and production of space in peri-urban spaces; which shows the rule of capitalism over the cities of Iran, the influence of the capital-based economy and the mutual relationship between capital and the political economy (space) involved in the production of space, which has transformed the pattern of cities and laid the foundation for the production of unwanted and unplanned peri-urban spaces https://www.gahr.ir/article_240349.html Water, energy, and food security, as vital resources in the modern world, are deeply interconnected, and constraints in any one of these sectors can directly or indirectly affect access to the others. This paper explores the water–energy–food nexus approach as a conceptual and analytical framework for understanding and managing the complexity of resource systems. The study examines four case studies: urban agriculture in London, sewage sludge management in Boston, governance of sustainable food production in São Paulo’s Green Belt, and management of the Zayandehroud irrigation network in Iran. The results indicate that applying the nexus approach not only improves resource efficiency but also enhances social, environmental, and institutional outcomes. Moreover, composite nexus indicators provide effective tools for multidimensional decision-making, policy evaluation, and the reduction of cross-sectoral trade-offs. Overall, the water–energy–food nexus offers a strategic framework for policy design, resource optimization, and the advancement of sustainable development at local, national, and transnational scales. https://www.gahr.ir/article_240410.html Small towns, as intermediate links within the settlement system, play a crucial role in spatial balance, service provision, and the strengthening of urban–rural connections. However, in many regions of the country, including Gilan Province, these towns face functional weakening, declining active populations, and marginalization in relation to larger cities. This study aims to develop a model for enhancing the functional roles of small towns in Gilan within the framework of a regional urban network. The research is applied in purpose and employs a descriptive–analytical approach. To achieve the research objectives, a combination of documentary review, statistical analysis, and multi-criteria decision-making techniques was used. Data were collected from national population and housing censuses, regional development master plans, and expert opinions in urban planning. In the first step, small towns in Gilan were evaluated using demographic, economic, service, and spatial indicators, and their dominant roles within the urban network were identified. Subsequently, a SWOT analysis was conducted to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and corresponding development strategies were formulated. To prioritize these strategies, the QSPM technique was applied. The results indicate that a significant portion of small towns in the province lack distinctive functional roles and remain largely dependent on larger urban centers. Nevertheless, some towns exhibit the potential to perform specialized functions, such as local services, agricultural support, tourism, and regional logistics. Based on these findings, the proposed model emphasizes strengthening specialized roles, improving functional linkages with surrounding settlements, and developing intermediate structures, such as “urban villages,” as tools to enhance the functional capacities of small towns. This model can serve as a foundation for spatial policy-making and balanced regional development planning in Gilan Province. https://www.gahr.ir/article_240524.html The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing the sustainable development of sports tourism destinations in Garmsar County. The present research is an applied study conducted using a qualitative approach and the thematic analysis method. The statistical population included professors of sports management and tourism, heads of sports federations, and researchers in the fields of sports management and tourism. The research sample was selected from among the population members using purposive and snowball sampling methods. The research tool was semi-structured interviews conducted with 17 experts, which continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The validity of the research was confirmed by relevant experts, and the reliability was calculated to be 87% using the intra-subject agreement method. The results of the study indicated that the sustainable development of sports tourism destinations in Garmsar County consists of 78 initial codes, 12 central concepts, and 5 main categories. These categories include requirements for sustainable tourism development, access management, human resource management, institutional factors, and technological and innovative factors. Achieving sustainable development requires a shift from a project-oriented and short-term perspective toward a strategic and future-oriented vision. Sustainable development depends on continuity, institutional learning, and the active participation of all stakeholders—from local managers and investors to citizens and professionals in sports and tourism. Once this structural and institutional coordination is established, Garmsar County can become a successful model for sustainable sports tourism development in the country. https://www.gahr.ir/article_241828.html The physical development of cities is a dynamic and continuous process during which the physical limits of cities and their physical spaces increase in horizontal and vertical directions in terms of quantity and quality, and if this process is fast and unplanned, it will not lead to a suitable physical combination of urban spaces. It will make urban systems face many problems. Land use as a main component in the management of natural resources requires environmental changes and a dynamic and effective factor on living conditions. The agricultural lands to urban and industrial uses and its economic and environmental consequences is one of the problems and difficulties of urban planners. It is faced with the growth and physical development of cities and the change of uses in the city. In this research, the changes in land uses were investigated with the aim of investigating and evaluating the physical development process of Astara city and the changes that occurred in its land uses in 2038. For this purpose, the Landsat satellite images of 2003 and 2021 and TM and OLI sensors were used to extract the land use map of the area, then the land use classification was done as well as the prediction of changes for 2038. The results indicated that the agricultural land has decreased by 151.11 hectares compared to 2003 and has changed, on the other hand, the built-up land has increased by 162.27 hectares compared to 2003 and has increased in size.The amount of changes in built-up land for 2021 is more than agricultural land for 2021. Built-up use will be associated with the growth of 118.08 hectares for 2038, which will have the largest change with growth, and also the city of Astara between 2003 and 2021 has grown more towards the west of the city. https://www.gahr.ir/article_241885.html Goals: One of the most important ways to separate land with the optimal pattern of climate design approach is to identify and analyze the factors in the optimal segregation of Urmia urban lands and ultimately provide suggestions from the goals of this research. Methodology: The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and research-applied. In this research, the factor analysis method and AutoCAD and Sketchup software were used. Finding: In this research, according to the studied methods for buildings and how they are deployed according to the climate of the city of Urmia, is specified. For the building with sunlight, the southern direction is the best direction for the building and the best ventilation occurs when the structures are slightly diagonal to flow the wind depending on the acceleration effects; The layout, the buildings are compressed and individual, as well as the amount of penetrating heat to a building to the floor, ceiling of the walls, etc. In these areas, it is best to consider the components used in the buildings and density must be taken. To the extent that residential units do not prevent sunlight from reaching each other. Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, it should be achieved that the south direction is the most suitable direction for the building in relation to climatical design, energy, the sun's sunlight and wind. https://www.gahr.ir/article_241910.html The existence of issues and problems caused by rapid growth of urbanization in the country and the impossibility of managing the urban society with existing traditional tools and methods have doubled the necessity of changing the way of management and administration of cities. This change can be realized by using the optimal urban governance approach. The mentioned approach increases sustainability, quality of life and desirability of living in cities. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to study the comparative study of 10 areas of Tabriz metropolis based on the components of desirable urban governance. The current research is applied in terms of its nature and descriptive, analytical and survey method. The statistical population of the research includes 20 urban experts. In order to evaluate and prioritize the target areas, 8 criteria (participation, legality, accountability and responsibility, central justice, collective agreement, transparency, effectiveness and efficiency, strategic vision) were used. In this regard, the target areas were prioritized using the MABAC model. The results of the implementation of the mentioned model showed that the final result of the Mabak model in table (6) shows that in terms of the components of desirable urban governance, region 9 is in a favorable condition with a final score of 0.350 and the first rank, and regions 7 and 2 They are ranked second and third with scores of 0.211 and 0.137 respectively. In contrast, Region 10 has ranked last with the lowest score of -0.283. In this way, it is clear that the 10th area of ​​Tabriz metropolis has the lowest rank and the farthest distance from the desired governance components among the options studied. Therefore, planning and management according to the ranking made in the present research can be a way for city managers to plan the future in the studied area. https://www.gahr.ir/article_241911.html Today, the role and influence of information and communication technology and the tourism industry on the economic growth of countries is not hidden from anyone. Taking advantage of the internet space and the emergence of digital tourism, information and communication technology has transformed the efficiency of the tourism industry. This research was conducted in order to investigate the use of information and communication technology in the tourism industry of Tabriz city from the point of view of domestic tourists.In terms of nature, it is an applied and developmental research, and the data collection method is field-based, using questionnaires and surveys. The sample size of the survey was from the statistical population of domestic tourists entering Tabriz city in the summer of 1402 and it was estimated to be 384 people using Cochran's formula. This research was conducted in two qualitative and quantitative parts; In the qualitative part, it was investigated by studying the research conducted on the subject of literature, and in the quantitative part, it was done by using data analysis at two levels, descriptive and inferential, with the help of SPSS statistical software and group t-tech test. The results of the research showed that the use of information and communication technology in related affairs is desirable to some extent and tourists are familiar with the concept of digital tourism and its application in tourism. https://www.gahr.ir/article_241991.html The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed significant spatial inequalities in disease transmission patterns. This study aims to compare the efficiency of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) in the spatio-temporal analysis of factors influencing COVID-19 spread in Kurdistan Province, Iran. In this comparative-analytical study, spatial panel data from 10 counties over 36 months (March 2020–February 2022) were utilized. Monthly data comprised 28 independent variables across five domains (climatic, healthcare, transportation, demographic, and crowded places) and confirmed case counts. Analyses including spatial autocorrelation assessment, adaptive modeling, and model performance comparison using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Adjusted R², and Multiple R² were conducted with ArcGIS Pro and SPSS. Results indicate that GWR performance relative to OLS is not uniform and depends on pandemic phase. The GWR model demonstrated substantial superiority during two peak periods: February 2021 and February 2022. In February 2021, GWR achieved a markedly lower AIC (-114302.57 vs. 135.06 for OLS) and a higher Multiple R² (0.98 vs. 0.91). In February 2022, GWR again outperformed OLS, with an AIC of -103916.79 compared to 140.16 and a Multiple R² of 0.74 versus 0.46. However, during other months (December 2020, February 2021, April 2021, August 2021, and December 2021), the performance difference between the two models was negligible. Climatic factors and transportation infrastructure exerted the greatest influence on disease incidence, with effects varying spatially across the province. While global spatial autocorrelation analysis did not confirm a significant cluster pattern, mapping local GWR coefficients revealed significant spatial non-stationarity in these relationships. The findings indicate that GWR is superior under conditions of strong spatial heterogeneity (i.e., peak months), whereas it performs similarly to OLS under more spatially stable, normal conditions. https://www.gahr.ir/article_242066.html This study was conducted to examine the resilience and business life cycle of rural women’s businesses in Arsanjan County. The statistical population consisted of women engaged in microenterprises and home-based businesses who are members of microcredit funds. The research is applied in nature and descriptive–analytical in method. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to a sample of 106 rural women. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS24 software was employed for data analysis. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between the level of resilience and the business life cycle. The strongest effect on the mediating variable of the business life cycle was related to supportive policies, followed by managerial skills. The resilience of rural women’s businesses is influenced by a combination of managerial, institutional, and network factors. Managerial skills, with the strongest direct and significant effect, are identified as the most important factor in strengthening business resilience, highlighting the importance of planning ability, resource management, and informed decision-making under economic and environmental constraints in this county. The significant impact of social networks suggests that access to local relationships, informal networks, and social ties plays a decisive role in enhancing women’s adaptive capacity and the continuity of their economic activities. It is recommended that, in order to improve the resilience and sustainability of rural women’s businesses, skill-training support networks, the development of local markets, and the linkage of microcredit funds with rural development institutions be strengthened. https://www.gahr.ir/article_242086.html Housing in a contemporary city is not just a physical structure, but also affects social capital, a sense of belonging, security, and citizen participation. In Khoy city, the deterioration and poor safety of some residential areas, in addition to increasing vulnerability to hazards, can weaken social bonds and the capacity for collective action; therefore, it is necessary to explain the role of resilient housing quality in the social growth/development of citizens and select appropriate policy scenarios. The present study was applied and conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected using a citizen questionnaire (Likert scale) and expert judgment (paired comparisons), and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed at an acceptable level with Cronbach's alpha. AHP and ANP multi-criteria decision-making methods were used in SuperDecisions software to weight the criteria and rank the scenarios. The results showed that social criteria (social growth/development of citizens and social resilience) have more weight and importance than physical-functional criteria and housing quality. Also, the ranking of scenarios in both AHP and ANP methods was consistent and stable, and the “balanced combination package” scenario (S5) won the first place; followed by “improving housing quality and access to services” (S2) and “physical renovation and security” (S1). The results emphasize that housing policy in Khoy should move away from single-dimensional approaches and move towards balanced and phased packages so that physical safety and resilience, housing quality and access to services, and participatory mechanisms are simultaneously strengthened and physical improvement is transformed into tangible social outcomes (trust, participation, and belonging). https://www.gahr.ir/article_242206.html This research assesses the impact of land use changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Lahijan County, utilizing remote sensing data and a Geographic Information System (GIS) from 2000 to 2025. Land use change analysis indicates a significant decrease of 17.8% (24.71 km²) in forest areas and an increase of 24.17 km² in agricultural lands. However, the transition matrix reveals the conversion of 3.28 km² of prime agricultural land to built-up areas and 1.13 km² of forests to agricultural lands, illustrating phenomena of rural encroachment and gentrification. Regional thermal analysis showed that built-up and barren lands had the highest average temperatures (mean LST for built-up areas in 2025: 29.90°C), while forests exhibited the most stable and coolest thermal behavior (0.5 to 1.5°C cooler than anthropogenic surfaces). A strong and significant linear correlation was observed between the increase in built-up land area and the intensity of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, with the UHI intensity rising from 0.06°C in 2000 to 1.37°C in 2010. Spatial analysis using Moran’s I (Moran’s I = 0.976) and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) confirmed a clustered pattern of LST distribution with high spatial autocorrelation. Thermal hot spots were not only found in urban areas but also extended along roads and in rural settlements that had undergone land use changes, whereas cold spots precisely corresponded with forested regions. The findings suggest that land use changes, including the conversion of forests and agricultural lands into impervious surfaces, have led to reduced albedo and evapotranspiration, consequently increasing sensible heat flux. This physical process is the primary driver of micro-heat island formation in rural areas and the intensification of the heat island effect in Lahijan, underscoring the importance of land use planning for mitigating thermal impacts. https://www.gahr.ir/article_242213.html Tourism, as one of the engines of economic and social development, has the potential to generate positive environmental and cultural impacts; however, improper management may lead to adverse consequences. This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the effects of tourism on the sustainable development of Aliabad‑e Kavir Village. The research employed a descriptive‑analytical and quantitative approach, and data were collected through a researcher‑designed questionnaire using a five‑point Likert scale from 42 local residents. Data analysis was performed in SPSS using one-sample t‑tests and independent t‑tests. The findings indicated that residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts in the economic, social, and environmental domains were below the average level, and these differences were statistically significant. In contrast, the perceived cultural and physical impacts of tourism were not statistically significant. Moreover, a comparison of the responses of men and women revealed no significant difference in their perceptions of this phenomenon. Based on these findings, recommendations are provided for local and national policymakers and planners to utilize tourism potentials for rural development through a sustainability‑focused approach. https://www.gahr.ir/article_242239.html The purpose of the present study was to present a model of the role of sports tourism development in creating job opportunities. The research method was descriptive-correlational in terms of nature, and data collection was conducted through field surveys. The statistical population of the study included all professors and students of Sports Management, Entrepreneurship, and Tourism at the University of Tehran, and approximately 200 individuals were selected as the statistical sample using convenience sampling. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose face and content validity were examined and confirmed by 15 professors of Sports Management, Entrepreneurship, and Tourism. Furthermore, convergent validity, divergent validity, and composite reliability were assessed and approved. Data analysis was performed using statistical methods such as frequency percentage, mean, convergent validity, divergent validity, composite reliability, and factor loadings using PLS software version 4. The research findings showed that sports tourism has a positive and significant effect on direct employment and all its dimensions. Also, sports tourism has a positive and significant effect on indirect employment and all its dimensions. The results indicate that the development of sports tourism in the country provides a context for increasing direct and indirect employment, as well as permanent, seasonal, and part-time employment; accordingly, tourism development can be utilized as a key factor in increasing job opportunities and creating sustainable employment in the country. https://www.gahr.ir/article_242275.html Objective: This study aims to conduct a meta-synthesis of nomadic tourism marketing components in Iran, analyze research gaps, and propose an integrated conceptual model. Method: This qualitative research employed the meta-synthesis method following Sandelowski and Barroso's (2007) seven-step model. After a systematic search of domestic and international databases, 25 reputable sources (15 domestic, 10 international) were selected based on specific criteria. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis with MAXQDA software. Findings: The analysis identified 58 key concepts, 12 sub-themes, and 4 main themes: 1) Structural and infrastructural components (physical, service, and digital infrastructure), 2) Socio-cultural factors and indigenous capitals (cultural capital, local participation, women's roles), 3) Innovative marketing strategies (destination branding and storytelling, digital marketing, experience marketing, marketing mix), and 4) Barriers and research gaps. An integrated conceptual model was developed illustrating the relationships among contextual factors, intervening strategies, and sustainability outcomes. Conclusion: Nomadic tourism marketing is a multidimensional phenomenon requiring simultaneous attention to infrastructure, socio-cultural capital, and innovative marketing strategies. The proposed model can serve as a framework for planning and policymaking to develop this unique tourism sector in Iran. https://www.gahr.ir/article_242593.html Rapid urbanization in developing countries, including Iran, has placed considerable pressure on natural ecosystems and environmental resources. Zanjan, as one of the major cities in northwestern Iran, has experienced significant physical expansion in recent decades. The objective of this study is to examine the physical development of Zanjan City between 2000 and 2025 using satellite imagery and advanced machine learning techniques. In this research, Landsat 5, 8, and 9 satellite images with less than five percent cloud cover were employed. To improve land-use discrimination, false color composite images were generated, enabling the differentiation of vegetation, barren land, and built-up areas. For land-use classification, three machine learning algorithms were applied: k-nearest neighbor (KNN), maximum likelihood classification (MLC), and support vector machine (SVM). KNN operates based on similarity and distance, MLC relies on Bayesian probability theory, and SVM utilizes kernel functions to separate complex data effectively. The results revealed that the built-up area of Zanjan increased from approximately 26.8–28.4 km² in 2000 to about 27.4–35.3 km² in 2025. This expansion was accompanied by a relative decline in vegetation cover and changes in barren land, indicating a clear trend of converting natural and agricultural lands into urban areas. Accuracy assessment demonstrated that SVM outperformed KNN and MLC, providing higher classification accuracy. Overall, the findings of this study are consistent with similar research in Iran, which highlights the spatial growth of cities. The results suggest that machine learning techniques, particularly SVM, are effective tools for monitoring urban physical changes. Moreover, this study provides valuable insights for sustainable urban planning and the protection of natural resources in Zanjan. https://www.gahr.ir/article_242836.html Undoubtedly flood as a natural disaster is considered as a natural disaster . This type of natural hazard is considered as a natural disaster in the world . So , the damage caused by floods is more than the city . So , the damage caused by floods is more important . Because this type of management is more flexible in Cities , it is necessary to unite the sectors and institutions for planning . in fact , this type of planning can improve the resiliency of city in order to cope with natural disasters . in the most recent definition that the system is able to absorb and re - organize the risks , it is possible to identify the social , economic , infrastructural , institutional and social - social networks in order to cope with the flooding . The purpose of this research is to identify the social , economical , infrastructural , institutional studies and determine strengths and weaknesses , opportunities and threats . The method of data collection is the use of formal resources for quantitative data ( questionnaire and interview ) and swot - qspm . the results showed that the occurrence of warning systems , increased trust in statistical and weather data and , increased citizen participation in order to better manage the city during flood event as the outputs of diversity - seeking strategies in order to improve resiliency in ahvaz in order to improve resiliency . https://www.gahr.ir/article_242837.html Livability and population retention in rural settlements constitute key concerns in human and rural geography, particularly in the context of sustainable rural development. Livability, as a multidimensional and spatially differentiated concept, plays a fundamental role in improving the quality of life and strengthening population stability in rural areas. This study seeks to analyze the spatial level of livability in the rural settlements of Dasht-e Arzhan Rural District, located in Shiraz County, and to examine its relationship with population retention tendencies among rural residents. The research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive–analytical methodology. The study area comprises eight villages within the rural district, from which 160 rural households were selected using a sampling framework. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to evaluate spatial variations in livability and its effects on population retention. The findings reveal that the overall level of livability in the rural settlements of Dasht-e Arzhan Rural District is below the average level, with statistically significant spatial disparities among the villages. Dasht-e Arzhan village demonstrates the highest level of livability, while the villages of Bardkhorma, Bidghatar, and Moradabad exhibit comparatively lower levels. With regard to population retention, the results indicate that residents’ willingness to remain in rural settlements is relatively favorable and above the average level. Furthermore, the analysis confirms a positive and statistically significant relationship between livability and population retention in rural areas. Among the livability indicators, transportation accessibility, rural landscape and visual quality, housing conditions, and leisure and recreational facilities exert the strongest influence on population retention. These findings highlight the importance of spatially balanced development policies aimed at enhancing livability as a means of sustaining rural populations. https://www.gahr.ir/article_242937.html The rapid growth of cities and urbanization, along with the proliferation of urban living issues and challenges, has increasingly highlighted the need for the active and influential presence of women in urban management. Just as women adeptly manage household affairs, which can be seen as a microcosm of urban matters, they can also play a significant and impactful role at various levels of urban governance. The objective of the current research is to examine the role of women in urban management, using the city of Ahvaz as a case study. Research Type: Descriptive-analytical, with both theoretical and applied objectives. Data Collection Methods: A combination of library-based and field research methods. Statistical Population: 20 experts in urban management from Ahvaz. Questionnaire Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.81. Questionnaire Validity: Confirmed by university professors and specialists. Statistical Analysis: SPSS software and the Best-Worst Method (BWM) technique were employed for statistical analysis. The findings indicate that indicators such as “women’s presence in urban commission meetings” (weight 0.375) and “women’s participation in managerial positions” (weight 0.1392) have the highest weights. Factors like “women’s education level” (0.0402), “women’s literacy rate” (0.0460), “women’s employment rate” (0.0365), and “government policies” (0.0365) hold intermediate weights, signifying their importance in facilitating participation. Traditional attitudes and a lack of public trust, while posing challenges, have relatively lower weights (e.g., “male support” 0.0134, “public trust” 0.0189) compared to structural factors. In terms of participatory dimensions, “women’s role in planning and designing public spaces” (0.098) is prioritized over “solving urban problems” (0.039). The results suggest that focusing on strengthening formal participation mechanisms, enhancing women’s individual and professional capacities, alongside efforts to shift cultural and social attitudes, can lead to the effective enhancement of women’s roles in the urban management of Ahvaz. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243036.html The rapid growth of urbanization in the country, along with the increasing complexity of the social, economic, and physical structures of cities, showed that traditional urban management tools and methods cant respond needs of urban society. This situation has doubled the need for a serious review of urban governance practices and has raised the need to utilize new approaches. One of the most effective approaches in this field is “good urban governance”; An approach that can improve the quality of life, social sustainability, and livability of cities. Therefore, this research attempted to examine the views of citizens of Region 5 on governance with the help of a questionnaire. An examination of the various components of urban governance also shows that the "participation" component received the highest score with an average of 3.11 and was evaluated relatively better than other components. This could indicate the relative willingness of citizens to participate in urban affairs or the existence of basic platforms for social interaction. In contrast, the "Justice" component has the lowest score with an average of 2.05, indicating a serious weakness in the equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and urban services. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize the need for transformation in the urban management structure and show that without fundamental reforms to achieve desirable governance, achieving sustainable urban development and general citizen satisfaction will not be possible. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243195.html The degradation of natural resources is one of the most serious challenges facing contemporary societies, and it occurs more frequently in developing countries. Forests, as vital biological and natural resources particularly in Iran are continuously subjected to degradation. Timber smuggling, as one of the prevalent methods of deforestation, has irreversible consequences for the environment. Therefore, examining the underlying factors leading to timber smuggling is of great importance. This study aimed to evaluate and analyze the economic-livelihood and managerial-legal factors influencing timber smuggling from the perspectives of executive experts of the Natural Resources Department and local communities in Urmia County, located in West Azerbaijan Province. Data collection was conducted through both library and field studies. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient calculated for each section of the questionnaire was above 0.7. A total of 30 questionnaires were completed by executive experts and 30 by local community members. The Friedman test was employed to rank the economic-livelihood and managerial-legal factors influencing timber smuggling from the perspectives of both executive experts and local communities, . From the perspective of executive experts, the key factors were: shortage of protective personnel, lack of equipment for forest rangers, absence of an effective monitoring system, deficiency in tracking and identification systems for smuggled timber, and inadequate use of modern technologies.. Only through such consultative institutions can context-based, integrated, and widely accepted strategies be developed—strategies that simultaneously address the immediate livelihood needs of local communities and ensure the achievement of long-term conservation goals. Ultimately, success in curbing timber smuggling depends on fostering a collective will and national determination in which forest protection is defined as both a shared responsibility and a developmental opportunity for all stakeholders. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243244.html Abstract Objective: This research aims to identify and thematically analyze the key drivers of innovative marketing in the development of nomadic tourism in Ardabil province, Iran. Methodology: This qualitative study employed thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Data were collected through open-ended Delphi questionnaires from 15 experts in the field of nomadic tourism, selected via purposive sampling. The analysis was conducted in six phases to extract initial codes, basic themes, organizing themes, and global themes. Findings: The analysis yielded 215 initial codes, 28 basic themes, 15 organizing themes, and five global themes: (1) institutional and supportive factors, (2) infrastructure and facilities, (3) socio-cultural factors, (4) technology and innovation in marketing, and (5) environment and economy. The most frequent basic themes were "financial and credit support" (15), "physical infrastructure" (14), and "online marketing" (13). Ultimately, 20 key drivers were extracted, with the most critical including nomadic community participation, government cultural policies, adoption of new technologies, infrastructure investment, education level, social security, and local online reservation platforms. Conclusion: The development of nomadic tourism in Ardabil requires an integrated approach simultaneously addressing institutional support, infrastructure development, social empowerment, technological innovation, and environmental conservation. These findings provide a foundation for strategic planning and future research in this emerging field. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243308.html Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards worldwide, : Consequently, identifying flood prone areas and assessing flood hazard levels are fundamental steps in disaster management, spatial planning, and the mitigation of flood related impacts. The Kaleybar Chai Watershed is located in northwestern Iran, within East Azerbaijan Province. The present study aims to assess and map flood hazard potential in this watershed using the SIWEC model. In this research, a set of conditioning factors was employed, including slope, distance from drainage networks, drainage density, elevation, precipitation, lithology, soil type, land use, vegetation cover index, topographic wetness index (TWI), slope curvature, and stream power index (SPI). The weighting of these factors was performed using the SIWEC model. The weighting results indicate that distance from rivers (0.18), drainage density (0.15), and slope (0.13) have the greatest influence on flood hazard formation in the Kaleybar Chai Watershed. In contrast, stream power index, topographic wetness index, and slope curvature received the lowest weights, suggesting their relatively limited role in controlling flood occurrence compared to other variables in the study area. The final flood hazard potential zonation map was generated by integrating all thematic layers within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The results show that 174.47, 295.42, 338.78, 266.17, and 119.1 km² of the watershed fall within the very low, low, moderate, high, and very high flood hazard classes, respectively. This spatial distribution indicates that a substantial portion of the watershed is exposed to varying degrees of flood hazard, highlighting the necessity for integrated watershed management and land use planning. Model performance evaluation demonstrates that the SIWEC model exhibits strong accuracy and reliability in flood hazard mapping, achieving c for the validation dataset. These results confirm the effectiveness of the SIWEC model its potential in flood risk management and spatial planning initiatives. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243310.html Water resources management refers to a set of policies, plans, and actions aimed at the optimal utilization, protection, and equitable distribution of surface and groundwater resources. This management includes controlling water extraction, preventing pollution, increasing consumption efficiency, and applying irrigation methods. In rural areas, proper water resource management plays a fundamental role in agricultural sustainability, food security, preventing rural outmigration. Furthermore, community participation in decision-making is considered one of the key principles of sustainable water resource management. Sustainable rural planning is a process that, by considering economic, social, and environmental dimensions, seeks to improve the quality of life of rural residents without degrading natural resources for future generations. In this type of planning, the conservation of water, soil, and vegetation resources is emphasized alongside the development of economic activities such as agriculture, livestock farming, and rural tourism. Emphasis on the efficient use of resources, creation of sustainable The objective of this research is to examine water resources management and its role in sustainable rural planning (Case Study: Khuzestan Province). In terms of purpose, the study is theoretical–applied, and in terms of nature and methodology, it is descriptive–analytical. Geographic tools and techniques, including the ANP Given the province’s specific climatic conditions, the strong dependence of rural areas on surface and groundwater resources, and challenges such as drought, salinity, and declining water quality, a scientific evaluation of water management criteria is essential. In this study, the ANP model was applied to determine the relative importance of criteria and their internal relationships, and the analysis process was conducted using SuperDecision software. The results indicate that criteria such as water use efficiency, integrated watershed management, improvement of irrigation systems, and community participation have the greatest impact on rural sustainability. These factors can therefore be considered key policy priorities for rural areas of Khuzestan Province. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243348.html This article is dedicated to analyzing the decision-making process in the construction of the Bushehr inter-state power plant and includes two key sections, which include the assessment of income indicators and the analysis of policy-making factors and sustainable security. Based on this national project, the Sustainable Development Index, considering its proximity to the sea, time distance from residential centers and specific climatic conditions, has now been selected as a desirable location for the construction of the power plant, which contributes to environmental challenges and increased safety.Hence, this project has been affected by environmental challenges and increased safety. This article shows that the integrated management of these challenges includes planning for sustainable development and productivity, which ultimately leads to sustainable development in the technical, security and increased safety areas of the Bushehr state power plants in providing sustainable energy to the country and increasing safety. Finally, it emphasizes that the development of existing projects should be best realized, especially in areas of political and security sensitivity, multi-phased and balanced requirements, as well as multiple environmental and security objectives. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243494.html In recent years, the development of tourism—especially international tourism—has been recognized as one of the most important sources of income in global trade and a major factor in improving the economies of regions and countries, gaining increasing momentum. Among the advantages of this high-revenue and valuable industry is that tourism serves as a key driver for economic growth in developing countries and helps establish financial balance in the international economy between poorer and wealthier nations. It also transforms social life by creating diverse job opportunities and increasing income levels for broad segments of the population in both tourist-sending and tourist-receiving countries.Tourism is defined as the set of spatial movements of people and the activities resulting from them. Creativity refers to the emergence and production of new ideas and thoughts, while innovation is the practical implementation of those ideas. Creative industries are defined as knowledge-based activities that generate creativity. New forms of interaction and overlap between creative industries and tourism have continually emerged, bringing significant potential for the growth and development of demand for new products, experiences, and markets.This article, while defining creative industries and presenting the concept and history of the emergence of creative tourism in the historic city of Shiraz, examines the mutual impacts of creative industries and tourism. The aim is to achieve a better understanding of the necessity of linking tourism with creative sectors in order to develop effective policies in the city of Shiraz. The research methods used include library research, field studies, and questionnaires. Based on the collected data, certain shortcomings in the creative industry sector in Shiraz have been identified, and solutions are proposed to advance creative tourism. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243951.html The present study aimed to investigate the resilience and business life cycle of rural women-owned enterprises in Pasargad County. The statistical population consisted of women engaged in microenterprises and home-based businesses who were members of microcredit funds. In terms of purpose, this research was applied, and it was conducted using a descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through a survey using questionnaires administered to 103 rural women. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and AMOS24 software. The findings revealed that, in Pasargad County, given the diversity of economic activities, a combination of structural and individual factors simultaneously affects both the business life cycle and business resilience. Regarding the business life cycle, the results indicated that supportive policies, creativity, business environment, and managerial skills had positive and significant effects, whereas self-confidence demonstrated a negative effect. This finding suggests that women with higher levels of self-confidence may exhibit less inclination toward collective learning or consultation with supporting institutions, thereby distancing themselves from support systems and knowledge networks. In contrast, creativity and a favorable business environment played an active role in enhancing the business life cycle. Creativity, particularly in handicrafts and food-processing sectors, served as a source of innovation and product differentiation, helping businesses move beyond the start-up stage toward growth. In addition, creativity and the influence of social networks played complementary roles in sustaining the economic and social viability of businesses. Therefore, in Pasargad County, economic resilience emerges from the interaction between individual capacities (such as creativity and behavioral control) and environmental capacities (such as the business environment and social network influence). Due to the relatively dynamic and diverse economic environment of the county, supportive policies appear to play a more indirect role. https://www.gahr.ir/article_243988.html The multiplicity and diversity of the elements and dimensions of the city and urban life, on the one hand, and the various decision making and policy making actors involved in shaping, directing, and developing the city on the other hand, constitute a potential threat to coherent and integrated urban planning and management. The presence of these characteristics in cities, along with the lack of intersectoral and interorganizational coordination mechanisms required to achieve unity, integration, efficiency, and effectiveness, has significantly affected urban management. Collectively, these factors have created numerous challenges and problems for the city of Tehran. Integrated urban management can be defined as a set of organizational, structural, and institutional approaches and mechanisms that ensure coordination in urban planning and the provision of effective infrastructure. The present study examines the mechanisms of integrated management in improving urban livability, particularly in District 3 of the Tehran metropolitan area. For the field study, 40 managers and experts related to District 3 of Tehran Municipality were selected as the sample population. After designing the questionnaire and having it completed by experts, its reliability was calculated, and Cronbach’s alpha was measured for each section of the questionnaire (integrated management and livability) to ensure reliability. In addition, the mean and standard deviation for each question were calculated, and the overall variables for integrated management and livability were examined using the mean or total scores. Pearson correlation analysis was then used to examine the relationship between integrated management and livability, and regression analysis was applied to predict the impact of integrated management on livability. Furthermore, factor analysis was conducted to identify the main dimensions of livability and integrated management using exploratory factor analysis. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244000.html Assessing landslide susceptibility in areas vulnerable due to geographical conditions and human structures is essential. The Sattar Khan Ahar Chay reservoir dam in East Azerbaijan province is one such area. In this research, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Logic were employed to investigate landslide susceptibility potential. Landslide factor maps (slope, aspect, lithology, land use, elevation, distance from fault, distance from road, and distance from river) were prepared within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment and subsequently overlaid with the landslide distribution layer of the study area. Using GIS tools, the importance of each influencing factor was analyzed, and after standardizing each parameter, a landslide susceptibility potential map was generated. The results of this study indicate that 5.97% of the total area of the study region falls within very high potential zones, 31.38% within high potential zones, and 39.68% within relatively high potential landslide zones. Furthermore, the results revealed that the axis and reservoir of the Sattar Khan Ahar dam are located in a zone with relatively high landslide potential. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244001.html The development of ecotourism, as a modern approach to natural resource management, can play a significant role in achieving sustainable rural development. However, the lack of strategic planning and inadequate identification of regional capacities and limitations have hindered the optimal utilization of these potentials in many areas. The present study was conducted with the aim of strategically analyzing sustainable ecotourism development in the rural areas of the Qaleh-Chay watershed in Ajabshir County. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of methodology, it is descriptive–analytical in nature. Required data were collected through documentary studies, field observations, and questionnaires completed by experts in tourism and regional planning. To analyze the existing conditions, the SWOT model was employed to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, while the QSPM matrix was used to prioritize the proposed strategies. The results of the SWOT analysis indicated that the region is positioned within an aggressive (SO) strategic framework and possesses considerable potential in terms of diverse natural and historical attractions, pristine landscapes, and a favorable geographical location. Based on the findings of the QSPM matrix, the strategy of attracting investment in sustainable tourism ranked as the top priority. This was followed by the preparation of a comprehensive tourism development plan and the creation of integrated tourism routes as the most preferred strategic options. Furthermore, the findings suggest that adopting a strategic planning approach can provide the foundation for enhancing socio-economic functions and environmental conservation in the rural settlements of the region. Overall, the development of ecotourism within a systematic and prioritized framework can serve as an effective instrument for achieving sustainable rural development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244016.html This study was conducted to examine the role of schools in strengthening students’ citizenship behaviors and their impact on sustainable urban development. In terms of purpose, the research is applied, and in terms of nature, it follows a descriptive–correlational approach. The statistical population consisted of all first- and second-level secondary school students in Azarshahr County, from which 221 students were selected using proportional random sampling. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires on citizenship behavior and indicators related to school performance. The results of the data analysis indicated that the level of students’ citizenship behaviors was higher than the assumed average, and that different components of school performance had a positive and significant relationship with the dimensions of students’ citizenship behaviors (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the findings from hypothesis testing showed that both the first hypothesis (the relationship between school performance and citizenship behavior) and the second hypothesis (the relationship between citizenship behavior and sustainable urban development) were confirmed at the 99% confidence level. Accordingly, it can be concluded that schools, by enhancing awareness, promoting social participation, and fostering a sense of responsibility among students, play a key role in shaping citizenship behaviors. These behaviors, in turn, provide an effective foundation for achieving sustainable urban development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244065.html This research aims to determine the spatial-local pattern of crimes and delinquency in the villages of Rasht county, using a descriptive-analytical method through documentary and survey sources and using the Local Moran I (ALMI) statistic. The statistical population was the villages of Rasht county and the sample population was all individuals with a criminal record in this area. Data analysis using the Kernel function indicates that the most hot spots in various crimes, including violations of public morality and decency, drugs, destruction, waste and arson of property, military and law enforcement, imprisonment on the day of reckoning, financial-legal convictions, acts against family rights and duties, theft and abduction of other people's property, crimes against property and ownership, and finally crimes against individuals are near the city of Koch-e-Sfahan, and the most crimes of disrupting the economic system, crimes against government employees, crimes against public property, and crimes of prisoner escape are near the city of Rasht. There have been crimes against national security and crimes against public order near the city of Lasht-e-Nasha, crimes against the environment and natural resources near the city of Khoshkbijar, and food, pharmaceutical, and health crimes near the city of Sangar. Most of the criminals live in villages close to the city. patial-spatial patterning of crimes showed that the dominant pattern was random and non-random behavior existed in some rural areas to a limited extent. These behaviors appeared in various cluster and non-cluster forms with the local Moran's I statistic, including 22 villages in the high-high cluster (HH), 28 villages in the low-low cluster (LL), 13 villages in the high-low cluster (HL), and 16 villages in the low-high cluster (LH). https://www.gahr.ir/article_244308.html Urban livability is a multidimensional concept that emphasizes the creation of desirable urban environments aimed at meeting the material, social, and psychological needs of citizens. The present study was conducted to identify and analyze the dimensions affecting urban livability and to provide a comparative assessment of two neighborhoods with different urban fabrics in the city of Ahvaz, namely Amirieh as an old urban fabric and Padadshahr as a new urban fabric.The research employed a mixed-methods approach (quantitative–qualitative) with a descriptive–analytical framework. Required data were collected through documentary studies and systematic direct observation using a researcher-made checklist. The research instrument consisted of 20 indicators categorized into four dimensions: environmental, socio-cultural, physical, and economic. A scoring scale ranging from 1 to 5 was assigned to each indicator. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software.The findings revealed significant differences between the two neighborhoods across all four dimensions of urban livability. Results indicated that Amirieh neighborhood performed more favorably in the social dimension (mean = 3.72) and economic dimension (mean = 3.50), whereas Padadshahr neighborhood showed better conditions in the environmental dimension (mean = 3.80) and physical dimension (mean = 3.75). Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between the two neighborhoods in terms of the overall livability indicators.Accordingly, it can be concluded that although the distribution pattern of livability components differs between the two neighborhoods, their overall level of urban livability is not significantly different. Furthermore, the stronger social capital in the old fabric of Amirieh neighborhood has largely compensated for its physical and environmental deficiencies. Finally, the study suggests that adopting an integrated approach based on physical regeneration alongside the preservation and strengthening of social capital can serve as an effective strategy for enhancing urban livability in Ahvaz. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244311.html Responding to geopolitical crises is a major issue in national security. The way states react often depends on how their leaders perceive the nature and severity of the crisis. The Islamic Republic of Iran’s presence in Iraq, in response to the rise of ISIS, has been one of the most significant reactions of Iranian leaders to a geopolitical crisis in recent years. This development has also had wide effects across the Middle East. Using documented evidence and primary sources, and applying documentary research and post‑event analysis, this article examines why and how Iran entered Iraq’s internal crisis. It also investigates what this military and political presence has meant for Iran’s national interests. The findings suggest that Iran’s involvement was shaped by several factors. These include geopolitical considerations, the need to neutralize nearby threats, maintaining the regional balance of power, and supporting a friendly government. In this context, Iran adopted a combined approach described as leading from the front and leading from behind. Drawing on realism and the concept of Forward defense, the study argues that this presence helped protect Iran’s national security and territorial integrity. It also reduced the geopolitical threat of Salafi radicalism in West Asia and helped prevent a regional shift in the balance of power against Iran. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244334.html Today, the quality of the urban environment plays a significant role in the development and dynamism of sports tourism. Despite possessing potential sporting capacities, the metropolis of Ahvaz faces numerous environmental and infrastructural challenges. Given that the enhancement of urban spaces’ quality can directly lead to the attraction of sports tourists, the prosperity of the local economy, and increased social vitality, the present study aims to investigate these components and provide practical solutions for the sustainable development of sports tourism in this city. This research employs a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, preliminary indicators were identified through interviews with experts and specialists in the fields of sports tourism, urban planning, as well as urban and sports management in the metropolis of Ahvaz. In the quantitative phase, the multi-criteria DANP (DEMATEL-based ANP) method was utilized to weight and prioritize the extracted indicators based on expert opinions. The statistical population comprised experts, university professors, managers, and active professionals in sports management, tourism, urban management, and urban planning in Ahvaz. Samples were selected purposively in the qualitative section and via judgmental sampling in the quantitative section. The findings indicate that prioritizing “urban software,” which encompasses security management, social vitality, and climatic requirements, is more critical for the development of sports tourism in Ahvaz than purely physical infrastructure. This causal analysis emphasizes that improving root drivers such as identity, sports infrastructure, and transportation is a fundamental prerequisite for enhancing security and environmental quality as key variables. Ultimately, achieving tourist satisfaction will only be possible through a chain of strategic decisions in the areas of smartification, event management, and the transformation of tourists’ lived experiences. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244396.html Abstract This study aims to examine the role of cultural centers affiliated with the Municipality of Qom in strengthening social capital and preventing social harms during the period 1401 to 1403. The research method is qualitative and based on document analysis of performance reports, budgets, and cultural, social, and sports projects and programs of the Cultural, Social, and Sports Organization of the Municipality of Qom. The findings indicate that a neighborhood-based approach, the development of cultural and sports infrastructure, targeted support for religious institutions, and the implementation of citizen culture programs have provided a context for strengthening networks of social interaction, increasing local participation, and enhancing social cohesion. The analysis of the results within the theoretical framework of social capital and Hirschi’s social control theory suggests that these actions can effectively reduce the conditions for the occurrence of social harms by reinforcing social ties and mechanisms of informal social control. Accordingly, the continuation of neighborhood-based policies and social institution-building may be considered as a preventive strategy in the management of urban social harms. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244421.html One of the major and complex issues faced by human societies is the generation of various types of solid waste in different quantities and qualities, primarily as a consequence of human activity and consumption behaviors. The widespread public interest in maintaining a clean and healthy environment, alongside the economic considerations of waste disposal, has compelled relevant institutions to seek effective solutions. These institutions are often required to adopt advanced management systems—some of which are costly—to address and mitigate the adverse effects caused by such waste. This research aims to investigate the environmental impacts of municipal waste within the deteriorated urban fabric of Mashhad, focusing on District 4 Municipality. The study population consisted of approximately 350,000 residents in Golshahr Town, with a sample size of 150 individuals. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing T-test statistics to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that the first hypothesis, comprising 11 questions (statements), received an average score of 3.14, and the second hypothesis, consisting of 10 questions, received an average of 3.34, both of which were confirmed. The results highlight that citizen participation in urban waste collection contributes significantly to improving environmental conditions, public health (including cleanliness, insects, and disease control), and operational efficiency in waste transportation. Furthermore, the use of appropriate equipment for waste collection enhances residents’ satisfaction regarding neighborhood cleanliness. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244436.html The aim of the present study was to identify the factors affecting the role of resource management in the development of sports tourism services in Fars Province. The present research was applied in nature and qualitative, using thematic analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of professors of sport management, professors of tourism, heads of sports federations, and researchers in sport management and tourism. The sample was selected from among members of the population using purposive and snowball sampling methods. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview conducted with 15 experts in the study, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The validity of the study was confirmed by relevant experts, and the reliability of the study was obtained using the intra-theme agreement method, with a value of 88%. The results of the study showed that the factors affecting the role of resource management in the development of sports tourism services in Fars Province were transformed into 62 key points, 9 concepts, and 4 focused categories. These categories were classified into four main organizing themes, including management of tourism service training, institutionalization of tourism culture, intelligent management of tourism information, and tourism knowledge management. These four themes served as the theoretical and practical framework of the study and showed how the field findings were elevated into broader themes and formed the basis for designing the research model. Accordingly, simultaneous implementation of these components with an integrated approach provides the necessary infrastructure for improving service quality and achieving sustainable development of sports tourism in this province. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244545.html With this necessity, in the present study, the spatial distribution of pharmacies in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city was examined and analyzed. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data used includes the location and characteristics of active pharmacies, which were obtained from the Deputy Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education of Ardabil province. This information was entered as a layer in Arc GIS software according to the specified address and updated with field observations and available maps. In the following, spatial statistics and buffering techniques were used in the geographic information system (GIS) to analyze the data. The results showed that there is an average of one pharmacy per 3652 people in Ardabil city, which is lower than the standards of the World Health Organization, but compared to the per capita and national standards, it is in a good condition. The concentration center of pharmacies in Ardabil city is neighborhood 8 of district one (Sarcheshmeh, Koi Towi and Masoomin neighborhoods), which is the center of doctors' offices. On the other hand, the peripheral areas of Ardabil (southwest and northeast) have no or less access to pharmacies. In general, the spatial distribution of pharmacies in Ardabil has a scattered (regular) pattern. The service coverage status of pharmacies in Ardabil city also showed that 96.81% of the city areas (2565 hectares) have adequate and very adequate access to part-time and daily pharmacies and 71% (1837 hectares) have adequate access to hospital and overnight pharmacies. . Also, the results showed a significant relationship between the distribution of pharmacies with population density and crowded streets of Ardabil city, so that it can be said that most pharmacies are located in neighborhoods with high population density and in crowded streets. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244553.html The aim of this study was to present a policy model for developing the sports tourism model of East Azerbaijan Province with a qualitative approach. The method of this study is a qualitative research with a future research approach. The statistical population of this study was tourism and sports policy experts, including managers and experts of the Sports and Youth Organization and the Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization, the Federation of Public Sports, staff managers of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth, professors and experts in sports and tourism management in the country, and the statistical sample was selected from among the members of the community using the purposive and snowball sampling methods. The research tool was a semi-structured interview with 12 research experts that continued until the theoretical saturation stage. The validity of the research was confirmed by the relevant experts and the reliability of the research was achieved by using the intra-subject agreement method of 75%. The results showed that the key factors affecting the development of sports tourism in East Azerbaijan Province are: infrastructure and facilities, cultural factors, social factors, economic factors, management factors, environmental factors, new technologies factors, satisfaction factors, branding, tourism institutions and organizations, tourism policy-making, and national and international agencies; Based on this, it can be concluded that tourism institutions and organizations and economic factors that act as regulatory variables and sometimes as secondary levers and act as they should and perhaps should in the development of sports tourism in East Azerbaijan Province have not been active and have played a minor role. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244713.html Urban flânerie as one of the forms of lived human experience in public spaces goes beyond physical displacement and encompasses perceptual, social, and existential dimensions, and can be understood as a mode of being in the city. Despite the expansion of studies related to public spaces and urban behavior, the concept of flânerie in Iranian cities has been less frequently examined from an ontological and lived-experience perspective. Accordingly, the present study aims to provide an ontological analysis of the experience of flânerie in Iranian cities and to explain how it emerges within public spaces by examining its bodily, mental–perceptual, and spiritual–existential dimensions and their relationship with urban spatial qualities. This research adopts a qualitative approach within an interpretivist–constructivist paradigm. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, non-participant field observations, and analysis of spatial narratives of citizens in different cities of Iran. Sampling was conducted purposively and theoretically, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. The findings indicate that the experience of flânerie in Iranian cities has a multi-layered ontological nature, articulated through three core themes: “being-in-motion,” “stillness within movement,” and “existential reading of the city.” Moreover, a three-dimensional model of flânerie was extracted, comprising bodily, mental–perceptual, and spiritual–existential dimensions. The results also show that historical urban fabrics, traditional bazaars, pedestrian streets, and green urban spaces have the highest capacity for deep flânerie experiences. Ultimately, the findings suggest that flânerie in Iranian cities represents a meaningful way of inhabiting urban space, emerging from the interaction between spatial qualities, human experience, and processes of meaning-making; therefore, urban public space design should move beyond purely functional approaches and provide conditions for movement, pause, exploration, social interaction, and the experience of meaning. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244732.html Climate change in Iran, especially in mountainous areas where surface water resources are supplied by snow and winter precipitation, has had serious impacts on the quality of water resources. This research analyzes the impact of climate change on the quality of water resources in mountainous areas of Iran and uses hydrological simulation models to investigate changes in water quality in these areas. Based on hydrological data including temperature, precipitation and evaporation, changes in water resource quality such as suspended particulate matter, pH, EC and water chemical composition will be investigated. Accurate simulation models will be developed to predict changes in water quality under different climate change scenarios. Climate change, especially in mountainous areas of Iran, can have serious impacts on the quality of water resources. This research aims to investigate and model these impacts and can help create solutions to improve water resource management and sustainable use in the future. This research also examines the relationship between climate change and water resource quality in line with sustainable development policies and addressing water crises. The results of this research can help water resource managers in mountainous areas design optimal water quality management methods in the face of climate change and develop plans to address drinking water and agricultural crises. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244795.html The future study of street sports events, by identifying emerging trends and developing strategic scenarios, provides a key platform for long-term customer development, which is essential for the smart management of future challenges and the optimal use of unique facilities such as the Karun River. This foresight, while increasing urban resilience, allows for the promotion of Ahvaz's tourism brand in a sustainable, innovative and competitive manner. In this regard, the present study identifies and analyzes key drivers for the future of street sports events to promote the urban tourism brand in Ahvaz until the horizon of 2041.In this regard The present study is, in terms of nature, futures research and in terms of methodology, it is based on descriptive-analytical methods. In the first step, using library studies and the elite Delphi technique (including 50 urban managers, tourism policymakers, and experts in the field of public and street sports), 6 main indicators and 42 sub-indicators were identified. Then, using the cross-effects analysis method and MICMAC software, the degree of influence and impact of these drivers on each other was measured and analyzed to draw the future perspective of street sports on promoting the urban tourism brand in the city of Ahvaz. The results of the research showed that the promotion of Ahvaz urban tourism brand by 2041 is not a one-dimensional achievement, but rather the result of a causal chain, with transportation infrastructure, the recreation of physical spaces, and institutional facilitation as its root drivers. This analysis proves that the realization of a distinctive brand requires a transition from island-based measures to a comprehensive system-oriented strategy that combines the centrality of street sports with the empowerment of youth subcultures and the optimization of the Karun coastal strip. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244891.html Objective: The present study aims to model and prioritize the influential components of the metaverse on the three dimensions of geography, including physical, human, and political geography. Method: The research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach (qualitative–quantitative). First, content analysis was applied to 15 key articles, followed by the application of the DEMATEL and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) techniques based on the opinions of 12 geography experts. Findings: In total, 14 influential components were identified. Based on ISM level classification, five levels ranging from the most foundational to the most superficial components were extracted. The fifth level (foundation level) consisted of bureaucracy reduction. The fourth level included access to global data, urban planning, and renting and selling. The third level comprised climate planning and access to education. The second level included citizen services, diverse job opportunities, and enhanced telecommunication facilities. The first level (most influenced level) included online shopping, reduction of income gaps, online trade, special services, and increased social experiences. MICMAC analysis also classified bureaucracy reduction and renting and selling as independent variables, urban planning and citizen services as linkage variables, and online shopping and online trade as dependent variables. Conclusion: The metaverse transforms the geographical structure of space and place through bureaucracy reduction as the main driving force, as well as through enhanced telecommunication facilities, access to global data, urban planning, and the redefinition of renting and selling systems. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244892.html Urban sprawl, as one of the fundamental challenges facing contemporary cities, especially in developing countries, has led to excessive land consumption, destruction of agricultural lands, and inefficiency of urban infrastructure. This study aims to disaggregate the contribution of two factors—population growth and sprawl (increase in per capita land consumption)—to the physical expansion of Andimeshk city during the period 2000–2025. For this purpose, the Holdren mathematical model and remote sensing data (Landsat satellite images) were used. The accuracy assessment of image classification using overall accuracy (above 82%) and Kappa coefficient (above 0.76) confirmed the high reliability of the produced maps. The findings indicate that the built-up area of the city grew by 60.45% to reach 1,447.12 hectares, while the population increased by only 32.64%. According to the Holdren model, 59.75% of the physical development was attributed to population growth and 40.25% to sprawl. The analysis of five-year sub-periods shows that the share of sprawl decreased from 74.90% during 2000–2005 to 59.69% during 2005–2010, and during 2010–2015, with a negative share (-38.13%), a turning point toward compactness occurred. During the periods 2015–2020 and 2020–2025, the share of sprawl reached -163.56% and -176.03%, respectively, indicating the continuation and intensification of the urban compactness trend. Rising land and housing prices, along with the institutional discipline of development plans, have been key factors in this shift. Sustaining the current favorable situation requires maintaining the rigidity of the legal boundary, imposing levies on vacant lands, and improving environmental quality in compact neighborhoods. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244893.html This study aims to identify and prioritize the most significant barriers to attracting and promoting investment, as well as to propose effective strategies for enhancing investment in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, with emphasis on its economic geography. The research was conducted in two stages: a qualitative-exploratory stage and a descriptive-survey stage. In the first stage, with a pathology-oriented approach, data were collected through library research and in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts, investors, and individuals with managerial and executive experience. The data were analyzed using coding techniques. In the second stage, a questionnaire was employed to examine and rank the identified factors. Following the identification of barriers and challenges to investment promotion, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to prioritize them. The findings indicate that improving investment in the province depends on identifying the key barriers and offering practical solutions aligned with the region’s economic capacities. Therefore, the formulation of operational plans and the prioritization of actions can contribute to improving the investment environment and attracting more investors https://www.gahr.ir/article_244912.html This research challenges static, product-oriented interpretations of spatial justice by redefining it not as a destination, but as a dynamic and continuous social process. Its core finding is the formulation of an integrated theoretical framework wherein “the right to the city” (as normative consciousness), “urban praxis” (as the collective process of space production), and “the just city” (as an ideal horizon) constitute a generative dialectical cycle. The driving force of this cycle is the paradigm shift from the ‘citizen-consumer’ to the ‘citizen-creator’—a citizen who does not merely consume space, but actively produces it. Realizing this vision necessitates a fundamental transformation in the role of institutions: a shift from being ‘controllers and distributors’ to becoming ‘facilitators of democratic processes of space production’. The ultimate contribution of this research is not to offer a definitive answer, but to introduce a ‘conceptual toolkit’ for the analysis, critique, and design of urban policies. Accordingly, spatial justice is not a destination, but the path itself—a journey forged in the collective and unending process of creating the city. https://www.gahr.ir/article_244919.html Livestock, as living banks of agriculture, plays a crucial role in the rural economy, and the sustainable development of this sector necessitates scientific planning based on higher-level documents and macro policies. Utilizing future studies in formulating livestock breeding strategies is considered an effective approach to confront complex challenges and ensure the sustainability of this industry in the future outlook. The present research, in terms of purpose, is applied, and in terms of nature, is descriptive-analytical with a foresight approach. It examines the key factors affecting the future flourishing of livestock production in East Azerbaijan Province by employing tools based on epistemological and ontological assumptions. The research data were collected through documentary analysis and the completion of questionnaires based on the cross-impact matrix by 30 experts and analyzed using MICMAC software to investigate the direct and indirect relationships and effects among the variables. In this research, the structural analysis of 45 variables using the cross-impact matrix and data rotation of 98% led to the identification of 8 key drivers in the flourishing of livestock production. The variable "impact of climate change on livestock and livestock production" ranked first in terms of direct and indirect influence and had the largest share in the dynamics and changes of the system. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245076.html Employability is widely recognized as one of the most important indicators of higher education effectiveness, playing a critical role in preparing students for successful entry into the labor market. Given the increasing complexity and evolving demands of contemporary workplaces, identifying and prioritizing the skills that contribute to employability can provide valuable guidance for educational planners and higher education policymakers. Therefore, this study aimed to prioritize the employability skills required to enhance graduates’ job readiness and align their competencies with labor market needs, while also comparing the perspectives of male and female students at Shiraz University regarding the importance of these skills. Data were collected from a sample of 140 students at Shiraz University through pairwise comparisons and were analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The findings revealed that business skills were identified as the most important employability dimension by both male and female students. However, notable gender-based differences emerged in the prioritization of other employability dimensions. Female students ranked soft skills as the second most important category after business skills, whereas male students assigned greater importance to hard skills. Among female students, communication and teamwork skills received the highest priority, while knowledge of start-up development and business plan preparation ranked highest among male students. The findings underscore the importance of strengthening business, entrepreneurial, and communication competencies as key components of graduate employability. The results also highlight the need for higher education institutions to adopt more comprehensive and gender-responsive approaches to employability development, ensuring that graduates are equipped with the diverse skill sets required in an increasingly competitive labor market. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245141.html Nowadays, urbanization and machine-based life have been accompanied by consequences such as stress, anxiety, and depression, and forest parks, play a vital role in promoting mental health. However, the development and maintenance of these spaces face numerous challenges. The aim of this review article was to identify and categorize the challenges and strategies for the development of forest parks with an emphasis on mental health promotion based on studies conducted in Iran and worldwide. This review was conducted on 28 studies (16 domestic and 12 international studies). The findings showed that forest parks play an effective role in promoting mental health by reducing stress hormones, improving mood, increasing social interactions, and providing multi-sensory experiences. The most important identified challenges include: weak inter-sectoral coordination and lack of financial resources, poor accessibility and neglect of the visibility and sensory dimensions of green space, inequality in the distribution of green spaces and insecurity especially for women, inappropriate distribution of allergenic trees, and increased psychological pressure during crises such as COVID-19. In contrast, effective strategies include: increasing the visibility and proximity to green space, multi-sensory-based design, integration of water and greenery, development of green infrastructure with an emphasis on spatial justice, construction of special spaces for vulnerable groups (women, the elderly, immigrants). The final conclusion is that forest parks are not an urban "luxury" but a public health necessity. Overcoming the challenges requires a transition from a decorative to a therapeutic perspective, a shift from quantity-oriented to quality-oriented approaches in research, the formulation of a national guideline for the design of therapeutic green spaces, and the establishment of a single inter-sectoral trustee at the national level so that forest parks can effectively contribute to the promotion of community mental health as the "green pharmacies" of modern cities. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245142.html Today, environmental protection has become one of the fundamental challenges of urban development, making attention to it a basic necessity. Moreover, in pursuit of economic, social, and industrial growth, humanity has exerted increasing pressure on the environment, placing its future at risk. Accordingly, strategic environmental planning can serve as an important tool for policymakers to identify potential environmental impacts and propose rational options to address them. The rapid development of Karaj in recent years has imposed multiple pressures on natural resources, the urban fabric, and the city’s governance system, underscoring the need for a rigorous scientific assessment of these consequences. This research is applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in method and nature. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire, and the environmental impacts of urban development were assessed with the Iranian Leopold Matrix. To identify effective strategies and achieve sustainable urban development, the Meta-SWOT planning method was also employed. First, the environmental objectives of Karaj for the 1410 horizon (2031–2032) were identified and prioritized based on expert opinion. Then, Karaj’s resources, capabilities, and competitive position relative to other cities in the region were analyzed.The Meta-SWOT results indicate that Karaj ranks at a moderate level in some environmental and natural-resource indicators compared to its peers, while current urban development generally exerts negative effects on the environment. Weaknesses in management, technology, physical planning, and environmental protection are the main contributing factors. Therefore, achieving desirable conditions requires upgrading smart infrastructures, strengthening urban management, implementing effective pollution monitoring, and organizing physical urban development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245143.html Sustainable urban development in the postmodern era has various aspects, but emphasis has been placed on its environmental aspect. Ecological approaches are mainly proposed with the aim of protecting natural resources and reconciling modern humans with nature in urban space. The city of Karaj has faced conditions where obstacles and issues have hindered its development path due to very significant changes within a limited time frame. This city, on the one hand, due to its specific geographical location, namely its position on the main highway of the western region of the country and its proximity to Tehran, as well as its extraordinary environmental potentials and having factories and industrial zones, has gained special importance in the regional development process. The main aim of this research is to identify strengths and weaknesses and to present a strategic proposal for the revival of the environmental structure of the city of Karaj. The research method, in terms of purpose, is practical, and in terms of method and nature, is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was conducted through library documents, observations, questionnaires, and the opinions of relevant experts and managers. Additionally, to determine the sample size and number of questionnaires needed, Cochran’s statistical formula was used. For prioritizing the strategies obtained using the TOPSIS method combined with the BOT model, Excel software was used. The results show that in the city of Karaj, water and soil pollution are less than the average, but air and noise pollution, with the respective rates of 2.756 and 2.465 percent, have the highest impact. According to the findings, it was clarified that the rapid process of urbanization and the extensive influx of migrants have led to physical development, destruction, and loss of gardens and agricultural lands https://www.gahr.ir/article_245144.html Rural tourism development, as an efficient tool for the dynamism of settlement systems, requires the recognition of structural and identity components. The present study aims to structurally analyze the factors affecting the development of rural tourism space in Shot County. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, following a deductive approach and a systemic perspective to examine four key aspects: "Structural," "Identity," "Socio-Cultural," and "Scientific-Intellectual." The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on a Likert scale, distributed among 384 tourists and local residents. For data analysis and hypothesis testing, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method was employed via SmartPLS software. The research findings indicated that all investigated dimensions have a good fit, with the "Socio-Cultural" aspect having the greatest impact on the quality of the region's tourism space (path coefficient = 0.477). Furthermore, the results show that variables such as "allocating budget to cultural projects," "creating a native visual language," and "viewing tourists as cultural ambassadors" are the most key operational strategies in the spatial structure of Shot’s tourism. A comparative analysis of the findings with national and international literature confirms the necessity of transitioning from traditional management to destination management governance with an emphasis on local authenticity. Ultimately, the results of this study can serve as a scientific framework for planners to reduce regional inequalities and facilitate the spatial restructuring of villages in Shot County. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245401.html Planning for the future is not a suitable development framework for villages to successfully participate in the future world, and nowadays the components of communication and information technology have directly affected the lives of rural residents. In this regard, in the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze and evaluate the structural effects analysis process in East Azarbaijan Province as a study platform. The current research is applied based on its purpose and descriptive-analytical based on scenario in terms of nature and method. The results of the citation survey to identify the future scenarios of rural communication and improvement technology in East Azarbaijan province were provided to the respondents using the Scenario Wizard software in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 31 rural information and communication technology experts. Based on possible future situations, in total, 21 different situations were designed for 7 key factors. Based on the obtained results, 8 scenarios with high compatibility were identified. "Creation of sites related to the affairs of villagers and adaptation of the content of the sites to the culture of the villagers" and "direction of promotional programs in order to explain the necessity of developing information and communication technology among the villagers" were introduced as compatible scenarios. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245402.html Poverty is not limited to lack of money, but also includes lack of opportunities and inadequate access to social services. Rural poverty refers to the economic difficulties that rural communities face in meeting their basic needs and their standard of living is lower than global standards. Tackling poverty is of great importance, especially in rural areas where most of the poor live. Planning for villages using foresight methods helps to understand future developments and select the best solutions for decision-making. In view of this, the present type of research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method, and from a temporal perspective, it has adopted a scenario-based foresight approach. The basis for classifying foresight tools is their inherent ontological and epistemological assumptions that reflect our view of the future (as something imaginary or objective, as well as revealing or constructive of the future). To identify scenarios affecting the future of rural poverty in East Azerbaijan Province, a citation study was used and its results were presented in the form of a matrix of probable scenarios and uncertainties (with an impact scale of 3 to -3) in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire for analysis in the ScenarioWizard software to 30 selected experts and specialists. The descriptors of "establishing and operating modern and sustainable irrigation systems", "constructing and providing appropriate housing with up-to-date standards", and "creating gender and cultural equality in access to resources and opportunities" are, respectively, compatible scenarios for the future of rural poverty planning in East Azerbaijan Province. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245466.html Employability, defined as an individual's ability to obtain, maintain, and advance employment opportunities throughout their career, is considered a fundamental determinant of success in higher education. In this regard, learning experiences in real workplace settings, particularly internships, can play a crucial role in shaping students’ perceptions of the importance of skills required in the labor market. The present study aimed to prioritize the employability skills required by university students and to examine the role of internship experience in shaping students’ preferences and priorities regarding these skills by comparing students with and without internship experience using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The study population consisted of 140 students from Shiraz University, divided into two groups: those with internship experience and those without. Data were collected through a pairwise comparison questionnaire and analyzed using the AHP method. The findings revealed that among students without internship experience, communication and teamwork skills were assigned the highest priorities. In contrast, among students with internship experience, entrepreneurship-related skills, such as business start-up and business plan development, ranked highest. Furthermore, the results suggest that internship experience can shift students’ focus from general employability skills toward more practical and business-oriented competencies. The findings highlight the significant role of internship experience in reshaping students’ skill priorities and suggest that internships can serve as an effective mechanism for enhancing the quality of higher education and improving students’ career readiness. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245916.html The dynamic and uncertain nature of emerging markets presents significant challenges for sports startups, necessitating the development of internal capabilities that enable rapid adaptation and long-term resilience. This research was conducted with the aim of explaining the effect of entrepreneurial actions on strategic flexibility and strategic agility of sports startups in Iraq. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method, based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of managers and employees of sports startups, and a sample of them was selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through standard questionnaires of entrepreneurial actions, strategic flexibility, and strategic agility. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted. Data analysis was performed using the partial least squares method and the corresponding software. The results showed that entrepreneurial actions have a positive and significant effect on strategic agility as well as on strategic flexibility. Overall, the findings indicate that the development of entrepreneurial capacities in order to institutionalize strategic flexibility and strategic agility can lead to strategic adaptation of sports startups. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245947.html The present study aims to identify the main drivers affecting the development of the poultry industry in the rural areas of East Azerbaijan Province. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of nature, it is descriptive–analytical. Data were collected through library studies and a researcher made questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of experts, specialists, and stakeholders in the agricultural and poultry sectors of the province. Using the snowball sampling method, 30 experts were selected as the sample. Data analysis was conducted using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and cross impact analysis with the MICMAC software. The results indicated that among the 30 identified factors, five factors were recognized as the key drivers of the future of the poultry industry in the province: optimal feeding levels, improvement of breed quality and genetics, reduction of production losses, health management and disease prevention, and innovation in feeding and breeding practices. These drivers have the greatest impact on production efficiency, poultry health, and the economic sustainability of poultry farms. Accordingly, focusing on optimizing feeding practices, genetic improvement, enhancing health management, and adopting modern technologies can play a significant role in increasing production, reducing costs, improving product quality, and strengthening food security in East Azerbaijan Province. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245948.html The purpose of this research was a foresight study of the "cultural transition's" impact on "population decline" in Iran. The central problem is the crisis of the fertility rate falling below the replacement level (1.6), which has profound security and economic consequences. Contrary to purely economic explanations, this research seeks the root of the problem in deep cultural transformations based on the "Second Demographic Transition" (SDT) theory. This research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach and foresight methodology (Cross-Impact Analysis). Data were collected using a matrix questionnaire from a panel of 29 experts and analyzed using Scenario Wizard software. This study sought to fill the "research gap" regarding the "future interaction" of these drivers and mapping consistent scenarios, moving beyond the "identification" of drivers (which was done in the literature). Among 729 possible configurations for the six key drivers, the analysis led to the identification of 23 scenarios with "high consistency" as probable futures. The key finding is that achieving a "fully desirable scenario" (in which all unfavorable cultural trends are reversed) is internally "inconsistent" due to the low robustness of some hypotheses (such as "countering the modernization of lifestyle" with a consistency value of -6). By filling the research gap, this study showed that policymakers must focus on robust scenarios instead of relying on ideal but inconsistent ones. Accordingly, two consistent scenarios with the highest robustness (consistency value of 0) are proposed for the ten-year horizon: 1) "Planning to counter the impact of modernization on attitudes and mitigate the challenges of the second transition" and 2) "Planning to prevent the destructive effects of individualism on marital attitudes." Focusing on these two consistent axes will guarantee the success of population policies. Futures Studies, Cultural Transition, Population Decline, Second Demographic Transition, Scenario Wizard. https://www.gahr.ir/article_245949.html The planning and foresight of sustainable development of tourism has received much attention by many policymakers, sociologists and planners around the world, in order to provide the ground. The current study investigated this issue based on the need for future studies in the field of rural tourism in Heris County. Accordingly, this paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Based on the objectives of the present study, the method and tools of data collection including the use of documents and documents (library) and interview from a specialized panel have been employed. The panel of respondents consists of 32 university professors as well as planning and development experts. MICMAC software was applied to analyze the structural effects and Scenario Wizard software was used for scenario planning. In the first section of the research, 21 variables were identified as primary factors and analyzed with MICMAC software. In order to make a final conclusion to determine the key drivers effective on the rural tourism approach of Heris county based on the results of two methods "variables rank in each of the states" and "sum of the influences of the variables in all states" the key and effective factors were selected that "Using the culture and rural art in presenting designs" and "considering all levels and classes of society in presenting designs" are of great importance. Then, in the next section, 62 scenarios with high consistency were selected. "The lack of implementation of policies and a specific program to pay attention to rural tourists as cultural ambassadors" was identified as a consistent scenario, which is supported based on the assumption of "coherent and efficient planning to design suitable spaces for holding traditional rituals with cultural symbols (design cultural routes) for tourists)". https://www.gahr.ir/article_245950.html Entrepreneurship has emerged in recent decades as one of the most important strategies for economic development, playing a significant role in job creation, productivity enhancement, and economic growth. Within this context, the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach—emphasizing interactions among economic, social, and institutional actors—provides an appropriate framework for analyzing the formation and development of entrepreneurial activities. Handicrafts, particularly in rural areas, can serve as an effective platform for fostering entrepreneurship, generating employment opportunities, and preserving cultural heritage. Varzaghan County in East Azerbaijan Province, with its long-standing tradition in handwoven carpet production, possesses considerable potential for developing entrepreneurial activities in the handicrafts sector. The main objective of this study is to analyze the status of the handicraft's entrepreneurial ecosystem, with a particular focus on handwoven carpets in Varzaghan County. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach with an applied objective. Data were collected through documentary studies and field investigations, and Porter’s Value Chain model was employed to analyze value-creating activities in the carpet industry. The findings indicate that handwoven carpet production in Varzaghan enjoys a comparative advantage and significant social profitability. However, the industry’s value chain faces several challenges, including the high share of labor and raw material costs, weaknesses in marketing and sales, limited diversity in design and patterns, restricted access to high-quality raw materials, and the presence of multiple intermediaries. Policy analysis indicators further reveal insufficient institutional support and unstable market conditions for producers. Despite these challenges, traditional weaving skills, high-quality raw materials, and the region’s historical carpet-weaving heritage constitute major development capacities. Accordingly, strengthening weavers’ training and empowerment, establishing quality control centers for raw materials, promoting design innovation, and expanding digital marketing and export channels are proposed as key strategies for enhancing the entrepreneurial ecosystem of handwoven carpets in Varzaghan County. https://www.gahr.ir/article_246014.html Objective: As a key driver of economic and social development, sports entrepreneurship plays a significant role in creating employment opportunities, expanding sports services, and effectively utilizing local capacities. This present study specifically explored the distinct lived experiences of sports entrepreneurs operating in Khuzestan Province. Methodology: This research employed a qualitative approach based on Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method. Twelve sports entrepreneurs from Khuzestan were purposively sampled until data saturation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and meticulously analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step procedure. Findings: The comprehensive analysis extracted 23 sub-themes, 13 main themes, and 5 overarching themes: constructing entrepreneurial identity in response to perceived gaps; confronting multilayered systemic barriers; leveraging local capacities and networking; the dual experience of indigenous opportunities and constraints; and entrepreneurship as an identity-forming, meaning-centered experience. Entry into the entrepreneurial pathway was primarily shaped by perceiving unmet needs within the sports sector, supported by personal, economic, social, and identity-related motivations. Throughout their journey, entrepreneurs encountered institutional-structural, socio-cultural, and professional-organizational barriers, yet they drew upon human, natural, and technological resources, along with social networks, to sustain their activities. Moreover, Khuzestan's socio-cultural, economic, and environmental characteristics simultaneously presented both opportunities and significant constraints, compelling continuous adaptation. Crucially, entrepreneurship was not merely an economic endeavor; it represented a profound identity-forming process that redefined professional and personal identities, fostered belonging, and generated meanings transcending profit. Conclusion: Accordingly, the lived experience of sports entrepreneurs in Khuzestan is ultimately a contextualized, dynamic, and multidimensional phenomenon emerging from the complex interaction of individual motivations, structural constraints, local capacities, and personal meaning-making https://www.gahr.ir/article_246429.html Urban happiness is considered one of the most important indicators of quality of life and social sustainability in contemporary cities, and increasing attention has been given to it in urban planning and design. This study aims to analyze the indicators of a happy city in Izeh and propose strategies for improving the quality of urban spaces. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and is conducted through a survey method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire covering four dimensions: physical-spatial, socio-cultural, psychological-perceptual, and managerial-economic. The statistical population consisted of the residents of Izeh, and the sample size was determined to be 371 respondents based on Cochran’s formula. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and the one-sample t-test. The findings revealed that the socio-cultural dimension, with a mean score of 3.82, was in a more favorable condition compared to the other dimensions, highlighting the significant role of social capital, local identity, and social interactions in shaping urban happiness. In contrast, the physical-spatial dimension (mean = 2.34) and the managerial-economic dimension (mean = 2.15) scored below the average level, indicating deficiencies in urban infrastructure, poor quality of public spaces, and shortcomings in urban management. Furthermore, the psychological-perceptual dimension, with a mean score of 3.08, was found to be close to the average level. Overall, the results indicate that Izeh possesses considerable social and cultural potential for achieving the characteristics of a happy city. However, physical and managerial weaknesses hinder the full realization of this potential. Therefore, improving public spaces, enhancing the quality of the urban environment, strengthening urban management, developing service infrastructure, and utilizing local cultural and social capacities are among the most important strategies for moving toward a happy city in Izeh. https://www.gahr.ir/article_246461.html Today, the rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing urban population have created numerous challenges in urban management and improving citizens’ quality of life. In this context, the smart city approach, as one of the modern solutions based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), has been considered with the aim of improving urban services, increasing the efficiency of urban management, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing citizens’ welfare. The present study aims to investigate the impact of urban smartization on the quality of life of citizens in Ahvaz Metropolis. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The required data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The statistical population of the study consists of the citizens of Ahvaz Metropolis. The findings indicate a positive and significant relationship between the level of urban smartization and citizens’ quality of life. The results also show that the development of smart services, particularly in areas such as access to urban services, reduction of in-person visits, facilitation of administrative processes, and expansion of electronic services, has played an important role in increasing citizens’ satisfaction. However, in some areas such as smart transportation and environmental management, the effectiveness of implemented measures has not yet reached a desirable level and requires further infrastructure development, investment, and comprehensive planning. Overall, the results of this study show that urban smartization can play an effective role in improving the quality of life of citizens in Ahvaz Metropolis. Nevertheless, the full realization of smart city objectives requires the development of technological infrastructure, coordination among executive organizations, and increased citizen participation in urban management processes. https://www.gahr.ir/article_246629.html Security occupies a special position among the various human needs, to the extent that, in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, it ranks second only to physiological needs. Therefore, urban planners and designers have consistently sought to create conditions that enhance citizens’ sense of security within urban spaces. Among these spaces, green areas and urban parks are considered some of the most important public environments. Strengthening the sense of security in such spaces can increase citizens’ presence, interaction, and participation in social activities. Accordingly, the present study aims to examine the level of social security perceived by elderly people in Koodak Park in Hamedan, with particular emphasis on three indicators: verbal harassment, physical harassment, and visual harassment. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, while its methodology is descriptive-analytical. The required data were collected through both library research and field surveys using questionnaires. The study sample consisted of 50 participants selected through the snowball sampling method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software through the application of the one-sample t-test and the Friedman non-parametric test. To assess the desirability level of security in Koodak Park from the perspective of the elderly, a one-sample t-test was employed. The results indicated that verbal harassment was perceived to be at a safer-than-average level, physical harassment was at an average (neutral) level, and visual harassment was at a less secure than average (critical) level. Furthermore, the Friedman non-parametric test was used to determine the relative contribution of each indicator to the formation of insecurity. The findings revealed that the visual indicator, with a mean rank of 2.78, had the greatest impact on creating a sense of insecurity. This was followed by the physical indicator with a mean rank of 1.90, while the verbal indicator, with a mean rank of 1.32, had the least influence. https://www.gahr.ir/article_246664.html The rapid urbanization and uncontrolled growth of cities in recent decades, especially in developing countries, have led to horizontal and scattered expansion of cities and adverse environmental, economic, and social consequences. The infill development approach, as one of the fundamental strategies to combat urban sprawl and achieve sustainable urban development, emphasizes the use of intra-urban capacities such as barren lands, worn-out textures, and vacant lands. This study aims to investigate the physical development pattern of Ahvaz city and identify areas prone to infill development. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method using Holdren model, Shannon entropy, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the Holdren model indicate that during the period 1986-2006, about 21.3% of the city's physical growth was due to sprawl, but this share increased to 57.9% during 2006-2016, indicating a significant intensification of the sprawl pattern in the last decade. The Shannon entropy value (G) was calculated as 1.146, which is not significantly far from the maximum value (2.079), indicating a very scattered distribution of built-up lands across the eight districts. Based on the AHP results, districts 2, 5, and 8 with the highest scores are prioritized for infill development, followed by districts 3 and 6 in the second priority, districts 4 and 7 in the third priority, and district 1 with the lowest potential in the fourth priority. Given the large area of barren lands (over 5,768 hectares) and worn-out textures (about 1,417 hectares) in the city, the application of the infill development approach can prevent uncontrolled horizontal expansion while organizing inefficient textures and improving the quality of life for citizens. https://www.gahr.ir/article_246789.html Smart technologies play an important role in the development of urban tourism in improving the quality of services, facilitating tourist access, and increasing the attractiveness of urban destinations. These technologies, using tools such as tourism applications, navigation systems, electronic payments, digital signs, and data analysis, enable better travel planning and a smoother and more efficient experience for tourists. They also help urban managers to create a basis for sustainable tourism growth and improve the image of the city through smart management of information, transportation, security, and urban services. The purpose of the present study is to examine and evaluate smart technologies in the development of urban tourism: Case Study: Tabriz Metropolitan City. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through the library method. This research was conducted with the aim of examining and evaluating the role of smart technologies in the development of tourism in Tabriz Metropolitan City. In this study, using the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method, the current state of smart technologies was assessed from the perspective of tourists to identify the gap between expected importance and actual performance. The findings of this study identify which smart tools (such as guide apps, electronic payments, and augmented reality) are prioritized for development and which ones require immediate improvement. Ultimately, this analysis helps policymakers to provide the necessary infrastructure to transform Tabriz into a smart and competitive tourism destination by optimally allocating resources while enhancing the tourist experience. https://www.gahr.ir/article_246790.html Urban parks, as multifunctional green spaces, play a vital role in the development of health tourism and, beyond recreational functions, act as a platform for improving the physical and mental health of tourists. By creating relaxing environments, these spaces have a high potential to attract tourists who are looking for preventive care or recovery after treatment. In health tourism development models, urban parks can be designed as "green recovery centers". Ultimately, intelligent planning in these parks not only increases the persistence of tourists in the destination, but also, as a competitive advantage, strengthens the city's health brand among health tourism destinations and creates a sustainable link between the urban ecosystem and improving the quality of life of tourists. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of urban parks in the development of health tourism (case study: District 6 of Tehran Metropolitan Area). The present study is theoretical-applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In organizing information and calculations in this study, Shannon entropy tools and method were used. In this study, the quantitative method "Shannon entropy" was used to weight the selected criteria, which include accessibility indicators, environmental quality, welfare services, and health-oriented infrastructure, in order to eliminate subjective biases and extract the importance coefficient of each variable accurately and based on real data. The results obtained show that the unbalanced distribution of health-oriented potentials in this region requires a review of the management of green spaces to improve their position in the medical tourism chain. The findings of this study provide a strategic framework for urban managers to transform the parks of Region 6 into active hubs of recovery and health in the heart of Tehran's busy fabric by prioritizing the key indicators identified by the entropy model. https://www.gahr.ir/article_246791.html This technology, learning algorithms, neural networks, and big data analytics, can identify patterns and improve system performance. A smart city is a city that manages its urban services more efficiently and sustainably by utilizing new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and advanced information systems. In such a city, data related to transportation, energy, traffic, security, and the environment are collected and analyzed in real-time.The role of artificial intelligence in a smart city is crucial, as this technology can predict traffic patterns, optimize energy consumption, and adjust public services according to citizens' needs by analyzing extensive urban data. It also has widespread applications in areas such as crisis management, air pollution control, and urban security. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the relationship between artificial intelligence and smart cities (case study: Tehran metropolis). This research is applied-theoretical in terms of objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The necessary information and data were collected through library and field methods.The ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling) method was used in this research. The present study, with the aim of explaining the structural relationships between the components of artificial intelligence and the dimensions of a smart city in Tehran metropolis, has been conducted using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach. In this study, key indicators were first identified through library studies and expert opinions, and then, using the ISM method, the hierarchical levels and cause-and-effect relationships between them were determined. The modeling results showed that information technology infrastructure and smart governance, as fundamental factors, have the greatest impact on other components, and their development lays the groundwork for the realization of various dimensions of a smart city in Tehran. The findings emphasize the importance of strategic planning and the integration of artificial intelligence-based technologies in urban management. https://www.gahr.ir/article_246917.html This study aims to investigate the role of modern agricultural technologies in enhancing productivity and reducing water consumption in Salahuddin Province, Iraq. Population growth, water scarcity, and climate change have underscored the need for advanced agricultural technologies. Employing a practical and descriptive-analytical approach, this research describes the current situation and analyzes the reasons behind water use and productivity. The study population consists of agricultural and water resource experts in Salahuddin, with a sample of 30 selected via snowball sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-designed pairwise comparison matrix questionnaire, validated by academic and expert reviews. The morphological foresight method was used for data analysis, enabling the examination of complex, multidimensional issues and the identification of plausible future scenarios. This method involves defining the problem, identifying key parameters, determining possible states, constructing a morphological matrix, assessing combination compatibility, creating probable scenarios, analyzing impacts, and proposing practical strategies. Findings indicate that technologies such as smart irrigation systems, IoT, and data management algorithms can reduce water consumption by 30–50% and significantly boost agricultural productivity. The study highlights the research gap in implementing these technologies in regions with limited water resources and infrastructure, emphasizing the need for strategic planning. It suggests that policymakers adopt optimized strategies based on analyzed scenarios to address water scarcity and enhance agricultural productivity, https://www.gahr.ir/article_247050.html Agricultural cooperatives are considered one of the most important manifestations of organized participation of rural farmers in economic and social affairs. The formation of production cooperatives in Iran resulted from the context created by land reforms, leading to the emergence of new methods in production organization, including the establishment of production cooperatives. Rural production cooperative companies were established with the aim of creating grounds for agricultural development and for the optimal use of water and soil resources. There are 28 active agricultural cooperatives in Sarab city, which is recognized as one of the important agricultural regions of East Azerbaijan Province. This research aims to identify the development strategies of agricultural cooperatives in this region. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used, which describes the phenomenon and analyzes the relationships between variables. The statistical population of this research is Sarab city. In this research, data collection was carried out through two documentary and field methods, which includes the use of both qualitative and quantitative data. In this research, to answer the research questions, both quantitative and qualitative analysis tools and techniques were used simultaneously. The qualitative method used was PESTEL analysis, and the t-test was used in the quantitative section. Qualitative analysis showed that agricultural cooperatives in Sarab suffer from unstable structural support, a weak economic situation (lack of capital, market problems), low social trust and cooperation, little benefit from new technologies, and environmental challenges without a specific plan. The laws related to cooperatives are also considered complex and unenforceable. For the development of these cooperatives, integrated policymaking, strengthening social capital, access to technology and new markets, a clear legal structure, and attention to the environment are necessary. The one-sample t-test showed that structural, economic, and some social components are significant, but institutional and support weaknesses are evident. https://www.gahr.ir/article_247094.html Today, the tourism industry is one of the most important economic activities in the world and has made a significant contribution to income generation and employment creation in countries that have developed appropriate programs to expand this industry. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining and analyzing the dimensions of rural tourism development activities based on a gender perspective. The research method was a survey. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed by the researcher and its validity and reliability were confirmed by experts and a pilot study in the village of Margoon, Fars province. The statistical population of the study was the local residents of seven villages (Sulqan, Kiga, Rendan, Keshar Ali, Keshar Safli, Imamzadeh Davood and Sangan) of the functions of the Sulqan district with a population of 2,216 people. The statistical sample of the study was determined as 300 people based on the Morgan and Tuckman table and the sampling method was random. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results of the study showed that women and men in this region participate in tourism activities with different motivations. The most important motivations for men to participate in tourism activities were to escape from the monotonous living environment, contribute to the growth and development of the village, and increase the level of awareness and information. The most important motivations for women to participate in tourism activities were to earn more income for their families, create jobs, and earn more income for themselves. https://www.gahr.ir/article_247262.html In the contemporary era, the excessive growth in energy demand resulting from urban expansion, population growth, and industrial development has become one of humanity’s fundamental and strategic challenges. This increasing dependence on non-renewable energy resources, together with the irresponsible exploitation of natural capacities, has led to severe environmental consequences such as global warming, climate change, and the disruption of ecological balance. Therefore, the design of buildings that inflict the least possible harm on the environment has always been of great importance.Accordingly, in terms of its nature, this study is exploratory, and in terms of its data collection method, it is correlational-survey based. The study population consisted of 208 residents of Sabzevar City who were surveyed. The collected data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. The findings indicate that the variable of energy consumption has a correlation of 0.993 with the components of sustainable housing. Moreover, the five-factor structure of sustainable housing design—including biophilic orientation, lighting and ventilation, energy and natural resources, smart technologies, and materials—explains 98.6 percent of the variation in energy consumption based on the adjusted coefficient of determination. Among these, the components of lighting and ventilation, and natural resources, with impact coefficients of 0.326 and 0.315 respectively, at the 99 percent significance level, have the greatest effect on optimizing energy consumption in residential buildings in Sabzevar City. https://www.gahr.ir/article_247269.html This research aims to identify and rank the key effective components in the smart urban growth model with an emphasis on integrating peripheral villages in the city of Ardabil. The statistical population of the research is urban experts and the number of statistical samples is 9 people, and sampling continued until the sufficiency or saturation of responses was reached to achieve the research results. The combined methods of network analysis and hierarchy analysis were used to prioritize the related components and subcomponents. The results show that the component of "local community sustainability" with a priority of 0.231 is in the highest rank, and the subcomponent of "social cohesion" with a weight of 0.104 is of particular importance in this component. Also, the components of "improving physical texture" and "improving environmental qualities" are in the next priorities, respectively. Based on the findings, improving public transportation, affordable housing, density and intensive development, and economic sustainability are other key components and subcomponents that are effective in this process. This research can help policymakers and urban planners develop sustainable and smart models for integrating peripheral villages into the urban structure and achieve social, economic, and environmental sustainability in developing cities like Ardabil. https://www.gahr.ir/article_247274.html Monitoring land use/cover changes in cities adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas plays a key role in sustainable management. Urmia city, located near Lake Urmia, has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, raising concerns about its environmental consequences. This study aims to monitor the growth changes of Urmia city from 2005 to 2025 using spectral indices and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. Landsat 5 (2005) and Landsat 8 (2015 and 2025) satellite images were obtained from the US Geological Survey. NDVI (vegetation cover), DBSI (bare land), and UI (built up areas) indices were calculated to improve class separation. Image classification was performed using the SVM algorithm with a radial basis function kernel, and its accuracy was evaluated using ground control points. The results showed that the SVM method performed very well, achieving an overall accuracy of 94% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.91 in 2025. The area of built up land increased from 68.3% in 2005 to 88.5% in 2025. In contrast, vegetation cover decreased from 5.5% to 2.4%, and bare land decreased from 26.2% to 9.1%. The highest urban growth rate occurred in the first period (2005–2015). The spatial pattern of expansion indicated that bare lands in the northwestern, southwestern, and eastern parts of the city were gradually and then completely converted into built up areas. The continuation of the current sprawl trend, particularly on the city’s eastern front, directly threatens agricultural lands and orchards around Lake Urmia. Therefore, revising urban development plans with priority given to protecting these lands is essential. https://www.gahr.ir/article_247377.html Background and Necessity: Informal settlements, as one of the most complex urban governance challenges in developing countries, have consistently been the focus of urban planning policymakers and researchers. However, most existing interventions suffer from instability and limited effectiveness due to a lack of a systematic understanding of the causal structure of the influencing factors. Objective: The present study aims to identify strategic factors and design an analytical framework for scenario-building regarding the future of the formalization process. Methodology: This research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach. through a systematic literature review, 14key variables affecting formalization were identified, and the conceptual framework of the research was developed. In the second phase, the relationships among these variables were evaluated by completing a cross-impact matrix by an expert panel consisting of 15specialists in the fields of urban planning, urban law, and urban sociology. The resulting data were analyzed using MICMAC software, and the spatial position of each variable was examined on the scatter plot (horizontal axis: dependence, vertical axis: influence). Key Findings: The findings revealed that executive and managerial inefficiencies, institutional and legal-political challenges, and economic empowerment and mobility—as the three driving and strategic variables of the system with high influence and low dependence—are the most important leverage points for policy intervention. Conversely, potential negative risks, despite having the highest absolute influence, possess a crisis-generating nature and remain beyond direct control due to their severe dependence on other variables. Furthermore, tenure security, acting as a central regulatory variable, plays a connecting role between upstream structures and the tangible impacts on the residents’ lives. Conclusion: The research findings emphasize the necessity of prioritizing institutional and managerial reforms as a fundamental prerequisite for any effective intervention in the formalization process. It also provides an analytical framework for designing future scenarios and evidence-based policymaking https://www.gahr.ir/article_247435.html Dehyaries, as the principal local governance institutions in rural areas, play a fundamental role in planning, delivering public services, developing infrastructure, and improving the quality of life of rural residents. Therefore, evaluating their managerial performance can help identify strengths and weaknesses and provide a basis for improving rural management processes. The present study aims to analyze the managerial performance indicators of Dehyaries in the Central District of Jam County in 2025(1405in the Iranian calendar). In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of methodology, it adopts a descriptive–analytical approach. The required data were collected through library research and the review of relevant documents and official records. The study population consisted of 36 villages located in the Central District of Jam County. The findings indicate that the performance of the Dehyaries in providing public services and implementing development and infrastructure projects was relatively satisfactory. However, they faced considerable challenges and shortcomings in managerial indicators, including strategic planning, public participation, transparency, accountability, human resource management, and the adoption of modern management approaches. Furthermore, significant differences were observed among the Dehyaries regarding access to financial resources, facilities, and managerial capacities, which directly affected the quality of service delivery. Overall, enhancing the managerial capabilities of village administrators (Dehyars), expanding specialized training programs, strengthening local community participation, improving performance monitoring and evaluation systems, and adopting the principles of sustainable and environmentally oriented management can substantially improve the efficiency of Dehyaries and contribute to the achievement of sustainable rural development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_247570.html Urban parks, as part of public green spaces, play a crucial role in enhancing social interactions among citizens and improving urban livability. Despite their significance in recreation and leisure activities, evidence indicates that their social efficiency does not match their physical capacity. The main issue of this study is to analyze the level of social performance of urban parks in Tabriz and to identify the factors influencing the presence of different user groups in these spaces.The purpose is to evaluate the effects of physical and service components—such as furniture, green space, safety, services, management, sanitation, accessibility, physical and social safety—along with socio-cultural factors, on the social efficiency of the parks. The research method is descriptive–analytical, and the unit of analysis is the “park.” The statistical population includes 284 parks managed by the Tabriz Municipality across ten urban districts, all studied through a census approach. Data were collected using field questionnaires and expert observations, and the mean values for key indicators were calculated. Findings demonstrate that, overall, the parks are in moderate to low condition. Indicators related to green space maintenance, such as irrigation, cleanliness, and planting, show acceptable performance, while cultural, social, accessibility, and specialized furniture aspects remain insufficient. Stepwise regression analysis reveals that only the sanitation variable has a direct effect on public attendance; for women and children, physical accessibility also plays a role. Conclusion: Despite having adequate green infrastructure, Tabriz’s urban parks exhibit weak social performance and limited community interaction. This gap indicates a need to shift the management paradigm from “green space maintenance” toward “social space development.” https://www.gahr.ir/article_247716.html Affordable housing, as a fundamental pillar of spatial justice and urban sustainability, has emerged as a critical challenge for urban planning systems globally in recent decades. The rapid pace of urbanization, continuous rise in land and housing prices, escalating social inequalities, and the consequences of climate change have made access to adequate housing increasingly difficult for low-income groups. In this context, the challenge extends beyond the mere quantitative provision of housing units; the spatial distribution of these units and their alignment with sustainable development principles are of decisive importance. This study aims to analyze the knowledge structure, identify thematic clusters, and examine the conceptual evolution of research related to the spatial assessment of affordable housing based on sustainable development indicators. The research methodology employs a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications indexed in the Web of Science and Lens databases between 2021 and 2026. Following data screening, selected articles were analyzed using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix. Key metrics evaluated include co-authorship, co-occurrence, and co-citation networks; longitudinal trends in publications and citations; source distribution based on Bradford’s Law; author productivity patterns according to Lotka’s Law; and conceptual and thematic mapping. The findings indicate that this field has reached a stage of scientific maturity, characterized by a highly cohesive knowledge structure. While “sustainability” and “urban planning” have become established as central cores, themes such as “urban governance,” “resilience,” “social justice,” and, notably, “public health” are emerging as influential trends shaping future paradigms. The results suggest that the development of affordable housing requires an integrated, place-based approach that synthesizes physical, social, and environmental indicators within multi-criteria assessment models. By mapping the knowledge structure, this study provides an analytical foundation for enhancing sustainable spatial allocation models and spatial policy-making. https://www.gahr.ir/article_247915.html In recent decades, urban regeneration has emerged as a key strategy for enhancing urban quality, social and economic vitality, and spatial functionality. This study evaluates the effects of urban development projects along Enqelab Street in Tabriz on neighborhood-scale urban regeneration. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology with a quantitative-spatial approach. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 370 residents and shopkeepers, while spatial analysis was conducted using GIS and Depthmap software to assess accessibility, spatial connectivity, and activity density. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Results indicate significant improvements in the physical quality of the corridor, including streetscape, lighting, and urban furniture. Relative gains were observed in social capital and sense of neighborhood belonging, though unevenly distributed along the corridor. Economic indicators such as property values and commercial activity increased; however, spatial analysis highlighted inequalities in economic benefits between central and peripheral sections. The findings underscore the importance of integrating physical interventions with spatially informed planning and community-oriented strategies to achieve sustainable and equitable urban regeneration. https://www.gahr.ir/article_248067.html This study aimed to explain the factors influencing tourists’ lodging experiences in ecolodges within Kandovan village. The statistical population comprised tourists visiting the ecolodges of Kandovan, and the sample size was determined to be 384 individuals using Cochran’s formula. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical, employing a survey design for data collection. The primary research instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale, whose validity and reliability were rigorously confirmed. Data analysis was performed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS software. The findings revealed that ecolodge quality is the most critical factor influencing tourists’ perception of natural attractions, which in turn exert a significant positive effect on social interactions. Additionally, cultural authenticity plays a vital role in enhancing the perceived experience value of tourists. The results indicated that perceived experience value has a positive and significant effect on overall tourist satisfaction, whereas several direct paths between natural attractions, ecolodge quality, and social interactions with perceived experience value were either non-significant or exhibited negative effects. This highlights the crucial mediating role of human, cultural, and service-related factors. The model fit indices were acceptable, demonstrating that the proposed model possesses adequate explanatory power for tourists’ lodging experiences in Kandovan. Overall, the results suggest that tourist satisfaction in Kandovan depends more on the quality of services, hospitality, local community interactions, and cultural authenticity than on physical and structural characteristics. Consequently, enhancing hospitality standards and promoting authentic local experiences can significantly improve tourist satisfaction and support the sustainable development of ecotourism in the region. https://www.gahr.ir/article_248391.html Adopting a modern geomorphological approach within search and rescue organizations is a strategic necessity for crisis management across three levels: disaster prevention and mitigation, operational preparedness for optimal resource allocation, and crisis management efficiency to ensure the safety of emergency teams. This research aims to translate scientific predictions into operational readiness to minimize casualties and damages. In this study, four common hazards were investigated: fluvial flooding and landslides in the Chitgar catchment, earthquakes in Alborz Province, and Aeolian erosion in Qom Provinc. Utilizing a multi-criteria approach involving analysis of topographic maps, digital elevation models (DEM), satellite imagery, and field validation Fuzzy Logic (for fluvial flooding, landslide, and earthquake zonation), the IRIFR model (for Aeolian erosion), the SCS-CN model (for runoff estimation), and the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method (for earthquake magnitude). The results indicated that 21.78% area of the Chitgar catchment falls in high/very high fluvial flood vulnerability zones (including Vardij, Jihun Varidij, Varish, and Jihun Nader villages), while 17.24% is susceptible to landslides (specifically in Azgi and Vardij villages). In Alborz, 27% of the province is categorized under high/very high earthquake vulnerability zones (centered around on Taleghan, its surrounding villages, and the outskirts of Karaj). In Qom Province, the identification of over 20 aeolian erosion hotspots reveals that 59.58% of the province is highly high/very high Aeolian vulnerability zones (primarily in the eastern semi-arid regions near Lake Namak and Masileh, and across Gazaran, Taghrud, Salafchegan, northern Kahak, and parts of western/northwestern Qom). Ultimately, while rescue organizations function as the executive apparatus, zonation maps act as their "intellectual brain." This synergy facilitates a paradigm shift in disaster management from reactive emergency response to proactive, predictive mitigation. https://www.gahr.ir/article_248410.html **Abstract** Safety is one of the fundamental components of sustainability in public spaces, as it directly influences the quality of citizens' presence and social interactions. Urban parks, as major public open spaces, should provide a safe and inclusive environment for all social groups, particularly young women. Accordingly, this study aims to assess young women's perceived social safety in Mardavij Park, Isfahan, Iran, with a focus on three dimensions of harassment: verbal, physical, and visual. This applied research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through field surveys using a structured questionnaire administered to 40 young women selected through convenience sampling. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, employing a one-sample *t*-test and the Friedman non-parametric test. The results of the one-sample *t*-test indicated that the perceived levels of verbal, physical, and visual harassment were all significantly higher than the theoretical mean (3.0), suggesting an unfavorable level of perceived social safety in the study area. Furthermore, the Friedman test was conducted to determine the relative contribution of each dimension to perceived insecurity. The findings revealed that visual harassment had the greatest influence on perceived insecurity (mean rank = 2.44), followed by verbal harassment (mean rank = 2.06), while physical harassment had the lowest contribution (mean rank = 1.50) compared with the other two dimensions. The findings highlight the importance of addressing visual and verbal harassment in urban parks to improve young women's perceived social safety and promote more inclusive and sustainable public spaces. https://www.gahr.ir/article_248462.html Urban resilience to subsidence is achieved using metaverse modeling by creating geological “digital twins” that allow the behavior of soil layers and infrastructures in the face of potential subsidence to be simulated in 3D and in real time. By integrating data from Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in a virtual reality environment, this technology helps urban planners identify critical infrastructure hotspots before damage occurs and test management scenarios and engineering interventions in a safe and risk-free environment. Ultimately, this proactive approach, by improving the ability to predict and accurately analyze subsidence, reduces reconstruction costs and increases the long-term sustainability of the city structure against geological hazards. The aim of the present study is to analyze urban resilience to land subsidence using metaverse modeling. Case study: Tabriz city. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through library and field methods. The ISM model was used in this research. In this study, first, key resilience indicators (including infrastructure, social, and crisis management) were extracted and then, using the interpretive structural model (ISM), the interrelationships and levels of influence of these indicators were formulated in the form of a hierarchical network. Metaverse modeling in this context, as a digital twin tool, transferred the output data of the ISM model to a simulated and three-dimensional environment to enable the analysis of subsidence scenarios in the historical and dense context of Tabriz. The results show that integrating structural modeling with metaverse platforms, while identifying infrastructure vulnerability bottlenecks, improves the predictive power of urban management and leads to the development of operational strategies to increase the physical sustainability of the city in the face of land subsidence challenges. https://www.gahr.ir/article_248596.html . Accordingly, the present study aims to analyze the factors affecting social interactions in the open spaces of residential complexes, with a case study of the Mehr Housing Project in Sabzevar. This research is developmental–applied in nature and adopts a descriptive–analytical methodology. Data were collected through both library research and field surveys. Statistical analyses were conducted using the one-sample t-test, regression analysis, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman rank correlation test. The statistical population consisted of all residents of the Mehr Housing Project in Sabzevar. Based on Cochran's formula, a sample size of 384 respondents was determined, and participants were selected through random sampling. The questionnaire was designed using a five-point Likert scale and included 24 variables grouped into five indicators to identify the key factors influencing the formation of social interactions. The social interaction indicator comprised the following dimensions: a sense of tranquility in open spaces, perceived safety in open spaces, willingness to spend leisure time outdoors, the attractiveness and diversity of recreational facilities for children, and consideration of the needs of older adults within the residential complex. The mean value of all social interaction components was found to be approximately equal to the moderate level (3.0). The unit of analysis consisted of 384 residents of the Mehr Housing Project in Sabzevar who completed the questionnaire containing 24 Likert-scale variables. The findings indicate that improving environmental safety, addressing the specific needs of older adults, and increasing the diversity of recreational facilities for children are the principal drivers of enhancing the attractiveness of open spaces. Strengthening these components leads to higher levels of resident satisfaction and creates favorable conditions for reinforcing social interactions among community members. Keywords: Social Interaction; Open Space; Residential Complex; Mehr Housing Project. https://www.gahr.ir/article_250254.html Today, security is one of the qualitative indicators of life in cities. Security and comfort are the missing link that draws people to a calm and clean urban environment, allowing them to rest in a lively and vibrant space rather than a dead and soulless one. Security is a qualitative criterion that enhances the quality of the environment, such that the lack of security in public spaces is considered one of the most important factors reducing the attractiveness and vitality of spaces. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of urban spaces on security in District One of Ahvaz. The present research is descriptive-analytical in nature and theoretical-applied in terms of purpose. Data were collected through library methods. The statistical population included residents aged 20–65 in District One of Ahvaz (77,876 people), and the sample size was determined as 380 individuals based on Cochran’s formula. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi-square, one-sample T-test, Pearson correlation, and the TOPSIS technique, were used for data analysis. Findings show that the first hypothesis (mean = 3.37) confirmed the role of activity density and lighting in reducing crime. The second hypothesis (coefficient = 0.641, mean = 3.51) indicated a positive relationship between designing spaces without blind spots and security. The third hypothesis, with the highest mean (3.60), confirmed the effect of continuous surveillance on reducing disputes. The results of the TOPSIS model identified clarity and visibility (weight = 0.867), neighborhood surveillance (0.574), and local business participation (0.547) as the most effective indicators, respectively. The results indicate that urban security is multidimensional and that social surveillance has a greater impact on crime reduction than physical factors. https://www.gahr.ir/article_250441.html This study aims to assess social justice and evaluate spatial inequality in the distribution of urban services and facilities in Urmia, with emphasis on urban sustainability components. In terms of purpose, the research is applied-developmental, while methodologically it follows a descriptive-analytical design informed by a scenario-based futures studies approach. First, a set of established urban sustainability indicators was extracted and localized to reflect the physical, social, and managerial characteristics of Urmia and enable an accurate assessment of spatial justice. Next, MICMAC structural analysis was applied to data obtained from expert questionnaires in order to examine the interactions among the identified factors and determine their relative influence and dependence. The results confirmed the existence of significant spatial inequality in the distribution of urban infrastructure, services, and facilities. Sustainable transportation, the spatial distribution of urban green spaces, and institutional and managerial capacity were identified as the three most influential drivers contributing to the formation and intensification of spatial disparities. Subsequently, the CoCoSo multi-criteria decision-making model was used to rank the city’s different areas according to integrated sustainability and justice components. The ranking results revealed considerable variation in access to services and facilities across urban areas, indicating that their spatial concentration has generated distinct patterns of advantage and deprivation throughout the city. These disparities suggest that fragmented sectoral policies and isolated interventions are insufficient to correct the city’s unequal spatial structure. The findings therefore indicate that achieving spatial justice in Urmia requires an integrated, forward-looking, and multi-level policy framework that simultaneously addresses social, spatial, environmental, and institutional dimensions. Accordingly, policy interventions are proposed at the micro, meso, and macro levels. By combining spatial analysis with futures-oriented methods, urban planning can become targeted, operational, balanced, and sustainable in reducing inequalities, improving equitable access, and guiding the future development of Urmia. https://www.gahr.ir/article_250572.html Increasing water stress, rapid urbanization, and climate change have turned sustainable water resource management into one of the most critical challenges of the current century. In this context, water reuse has emerged as an effective strategy for ensuring sustainable water supply and achieving water-sensitive cities. The present study aims to review global experiences in water reuse and identify the key factors contributing to the success of leading countries in this field. This research adopts a review-based approach, utilizing qualitative content analysis. Data were collected from scientific articles, reports of international organizations, and relevant official documents. The experiences of selected countries were then examined through a comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the success of water reuse programs is not solely dependent on treatment technologies; rather, integrated governance, appropriate laws and standards, continuous investment, water quality monitoring, social participation, and long‑term planning are among the most critical success factors. Furthermore, an examination of the situation in Iran reveals that, despite relative development in wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure, challenges such as weak institutional coordination, infrastructure constraints, and a low share of water reuse persist. Developing water reuse can play a significant role in enhancing urban resilience, reducing pressure on freshwater resources, and realizing the goals of water‑sensitive cities. Achieving this approach in Iran requires strengthening water governance, expanding infrastructure, upgrading technology, formulating national standards, and fostering public participation. https://www.gahr.ir/article_250591.html Baghdad during the Abbasid and Buwayhid eras, for all its splendor and grandeur, was constantly exposed to successive crises. From civil wars and the militarization of politics to religious conflicts and economic pressures, the city repeatedly stood on the brink of collapse; yet each time it emerged from the chaos and continued its existence. This historical contradiction raises a fundamental question: despite such severe crises, what factors enabled Baghdad not only to endure, but also to repeatedly return to a fragile but functional order? The present research, adopting a historical-analytical approach and relying on primary historical sources, seeks to answer this question. Its main hypothesis is that Baghdad's resilience was not the result of central state intervention or passive resistance, but rather the product of bottom-up social agency, informal networks, and the capacity to reproduce institutions within neighborhoods and guilds. The findings identify five key factors: neighborhood organization, the bazaar, public institutions, ethno-religious diversity, and the network of roads and trade. By linking urban historiography and resilience theory, this research offers a historical model of social resilience based on neighborhood, guild, and institutional capital, which can serve as a useful framework for comparative studies of historical cities in the Islamic world. https://www.gahr.ir/article_250640.html Urban diplomacy, as a new actor in the field of international relations, plays an increasing role in managing cross-border challenges and shaping the geopolitics of regions. This article, focusing on the Mediterranean Cities Network as a prominent symbol of this phenomenon, examines the role and impact of this union in the geopolitics of the Mediterranean region.The network, which was formed in 1991 with the initial goal of environmental protection, today covers a wide range of issues, including sustainable development, local governance and economic cooperation, by bringing together 81 municipalities from three continents, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the organizational data of this network, argues that Med Cities, by creating a common discourse around common urban challenges such as environmental crises, resource management and urban justice, is a factor in strengthening regional integration beyond state geopolitical conflicts. Focusing on goals such as empowering local governments, implementing joint development projects and collaborating with influential institutions such as the Mediterranean Parliament and the Investment Network, has allowed this network to play a role directly and indirectly in the stability, security and sustainable development of the Mediterranean region.This article finally concludes that the Mediterranean Cities Network, using urban diplomacy mechanisms, not only acts as a facilitating institution in solving practical problems, but also, by creating sustainable communication channels between cities, is redefining patterns of cooperation and competition in the complex geopolitics of the Mediterranean region. https://www.gahr.ir/article_250968.html The acceleration of urbanization and the growth of building energy consumption, accounting for nearly 36% of Iran’s energy use, have led to carbon emissions, air pollution, and the intensification of the urban heat island effect, revealing the need to reconsider architectural design approaches. In this context, biophilic design, as a nature-based and passive approach, strengthens the human–nature connection in the built environment, offering a proactive response to these challenges; by improving indoor air quality, natural ventilation, and sensory comfort, it aligns with sustainable architecture. However, evaluating the success of green buildings solely through technical and energy criteria is insufficient, and residents’ satisfaction and well-being constitute an essential indicator. The present study aimed to analyze global research trends in biophilic design from 2020 to 2025 through bibliometric analysis. Data were gathered from Web of Science and, after applying filters, 1,633 scientific documents were analyzed using VOSviewer. Co-authorship, co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and keyword co-occurrence analyses showed that this field has followed an upward trend, reaching its peak scientific output in 2024; Sustainability and Tampere University led in publication and research output, while the United States, China, and Australia rank among the most active countries. Keyword clustering revealed twelve thematic clusters, ranging from theoretical foundations and technologies to mental health and urban policy. The findings indicate that biophilic design is a maturing yet dynamic field whose future is moving toward the convergence of human-centered and technology-driven research, artificial intelligence, and physiological measurements—a path that could establish it as a measurable standard in urban policy and building regulations. https://www.gahr.ir/article_250994.html In the present era, the intensification of climate change and its consequences, such as rising temperatures, water scarcity, air pollution, and unstable weather conditions, has become one of the major challenges facing urban environments. These risks affect not only environmental quality and citizens’ health, but also their everyday behaviors and patterns of social action. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing sustainable behaviors, as well as the role of social capital and place attachment in confronting climate crises, is of great importance. This study is exploratory in nature and survey-based in terms of data collection. The statistical population consists of residents of neighborhoods in District 4 of Tehran, who were surveyed in order to analyze patterns of behavioral sustainability and residents’ social actions in response to climate change. The collected data were analyzed through content analysis and exploratory factor analysis using SPSS software. Based on the results, seven climate-related factors were identified, in order of priority, as influencing residents’ behavioral and social actions: climate responsibility, behavioral adaptation, climate awareness, cooperation and vulnerability, institutional support, energy conservation, trust, and self-management. The findings indicate that residents’ response to climate change is not limited to cognitive awareness alone. Rather, it is shaped through the interaction of everyday behaviors, social actions, and institutional support. At the first level, behavioral sustainability is reflected in habits such as conserving water and energy, exercising caution under unfavorable weather conditions, and demonstrating individual responsibility. At the second level, the perception of vulnerability, together with neighborhood relations and mutual trust, transforms climate awareness into participation and collective action. Thus, residents’ confrontation with climate change is not confined to mental awareness, but emerges from the link between everyday behaviors, social actions, and institutional support. https://www.gahr.ir/article_251664.html Rapid urbanization, increasing impervious surfaces, and land-use changes can disrupt natural hydrological processes and increase runoff and urban flood risk. Urban ecosystems, green spaces, and permeable surfaces can reduce runoff and flood impacts by enhancing infiltration, absorption, and water retention. This study aimed to assess the spatial and temporal changes in the urban flood-risk reduction ecosystem service in Baqubah, Iraq, using the Urban Flood Risk Mitigation (UFRM) model under a 25-year return-period rainfall event. The UFRM model from the InVEST suite, version 3.12.0, was applied to three temporal periods, 1364, 1384, and 1404, and rainfall durations of 15, 30, and 45 minutes. Input data included the watershed boundary, rainfall, land use and land cover, hydrologic soil groups, biophysical parameters, built infrastructure, and flood-damage information. The results showed an increasing trend in runoff-generation potential from 1364 to 1404, with stronger responses under longer rainfall durations. Under the 45-minute scenario, the dominant runoff range increased from approximately 10–50 mm in 1364 to about 60–150 mm and higher in 1404. Runoff absorption and retention capacity also showed spatial and temporal variation. Moreover, the economic value of the flood-risk reduction ecosystem service shifted from low and moderate classes in 1364 toward high and very high classes in 1404. Overall, the findings indicate that flood-risk reduction in Baqubah is a dynamic ecosystem service influenced by land-use and land-cover changes, hydrological characteristics, and rainfall duration. Protecting permeable surfaces, expanding green spaces, and implementing green infrastructure and nature-based solutions can contribute to sustainable urban flood-risk management. https://www.gahr.ir/article_251725.html The primary objective of this research is to conduct a cluster analysis and classification of the Persian Gulf rim countries and Iran based on environmental indicators. In terms of purpose, application, and methodology, this study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. Data collection was performed through documentary research and library-based methods. The geographical scope of this study encompasses eight countries: Iran, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. To ensure precise and evidence-based analysis, raw statistical data for 52 environmental indicators were extracted from the World Bank database for the year 2023. The data processing and analysis were carried out in three operational stages: first, the OPA model was employed to determine the importance weights of each indicator for modeling; second, the CoCoSo multi-criteria decision-making method was utilized to rank the performance of the studied countries; and third, K-means clustering was applied to identify similarity patterns and classify countries into homogeneous groups. Statistical and computational analyses were executed using SPSS, GIS, and Excel software. The clustering results were visualized within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment through zoning maps to better understand regional disparities. The findings indicate that, based on the ranking results, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait exhibit more favorable statuses compared to other regional countries, demonstrating more balanced performance across the investigated dimensions. Conversely, Iran obtained the lowest score and is positioned at a critical level, highlighting the urgent need to revise policies related to resource management, environmental protection, and sustainable development. https://www.gahr.ir/article_251792.html Emergency water crisis management is a set of preventive, preparedness, rapid response, and recovery measures designed to maintain the sustainability of water resources and the continuity of service provision to citizens in unexpected situations such as severe droughts, sudden pollution, or infrastructure failures. This management requires an integrated framework in which real-time monitoring of hydrological data and the use of modern technologies such as artificial intelligence for accurate hazard prediction are considered top priorities. Synergy between responsible institutions and the development of specific operational protocols to reduce response time play a key role in minimizing social, economic, and environmental damage. Finally, increasing the resilience of structures and promoting a culture of optimal consumption in critical situations, as two fundamental pillars, enhance the ability of society to overcome water stresses without serious insecurity. The aim of the present study is to implement multi-criteria decision-making systems for emergency water crisis management Case Study: Tehran Metropolitan Area. In this study, the ISM model was used. This study is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through library and field methods. Implementing multi-criteria decision-making systems using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) is an efficient approach to explaining the complex and hierarchical relationships between the components of emergency water crisis management in the metropolis of Tehran. In this study, by identifying and screening technical, operational, and social criteria, a structured structure of interactions between them is drawn, which provides strategic prioritization and a deep understanding of the dependencies of variables for urban managers. This model, by accurately analyzing the causal effects, helps reduce uncertainty during a crisis and provides a scientific basis for decision-making under conditions of uncertainty to maintain sustainable water security in Tehran. https://www.gahr.ir/article_252050.html Between 2002 and 2026, the number of ecolodges in Iran has increased more than 4.5‑fold; however, this quantitative growth has been accompanied by a decline in service quality and a departure from the fundamental principles of ecotourism. Adopting a qualitative approach and employing a directed content analysis method, this study aims to diagnose the pathologies underlying the evaluation and grading process of these accommodations, with the statistical population encompassing all key stakeholders involved in the evaluation, grading, and certification process—namely academics and subject‑matter experts, experts from the Cultural Heritage Administration and official evaluators, tourism industry practitioners and facilitators, managers and owners of eco‑lodges, and professional tourists with substantial experience in ecotourism. Purposeful snowball sampling yielded a final sample of 20 eligible participants, all with at least three years of relevant work experience and complete familiarity with the evaluation process, comprising 7 academics, 4 government experts and evaluators, 2 tourism activists, 4 ecolodge managers and owners, and 3 professional ecotourists. Data were collected through in‑depth semi‑structured interviews and analyzed using MAXQDA software, and drawing upon the four‑function framework of sustainability certification and signalling theory, the findings reveal that Iran's ecolodge evaluation system suffers from four fundamental pathologies: incompatibility of evaluation standards with the indigenous and community‑based nature of these accommodations, subjective and inconsistent grading procedures, lack of effective and efficient monitoring over both licensed and unlicensed units, and an inherent conflict between quantitative expansion and qualitative requirements. Consequently, these pathologies have undermined the primary functions of certification—namely guidance and regulation, positioning and identification, profitability and benefit, and knowledge enhancement and progress—and have ultimately led to a "signal failure" in the ecolodge market. https://www.gahr.ir/article_252356.html This study aims to map the global structure and emerging trends in research on bioclimatic patterns and socio-behavioral drivers, as well as to identify thematic focal points, conceptual clusters, and knowledge gaps an endeavor that has gained fundamental importance in light of intensifying heatwaves, the adverse impacts of urban heat islands on public health, and the pressing need for the adaptive regeneration of dense fabrics. The necessity of this study stems from the fact that existing literature largely suffers from a disconnect between physical-technological solutions and behavioral–health-oriented dimensions, lacking an integrated framework that bridges climate-responsive design, risk perception, social resilience, and citizen well-being. Methodologically, this research is grounded in scientometric analysis and knowledge domain mapping using dataset retrieved from The Lens database and keyword co-occurrence analysis via VOSviewer software. Based on the conceptual network structure, five key clusters were identified: (1) climate change, social resilience, and environmental adaptation; (2) health outcomes, vulnerable populations, and epidemiological analyses; (3) environmental justice, compound pollution, and urban health policymaking; (4) thermal comfort, urban microclimate, and environmental perception; and (5) behavioral patterns, knowledge, attitudes, and user demographic characteristics. The convergence of these five clusters demonstrates that the resilience of dense urban fabrics against thermal stress cannot rely solely on physical and engineering interventions; rather, it demands an integrated, human-centered, and health-oriented paradigm that synergizes socio-behavioral drivers and spatial justice within urban bioclimatic design and policy. https://www.gahr.ir/article_252745.html Recreating historical context in line with smart tourism means reviving and strengthening the historical identity of urban spaces by using modern technologies. In this approach, by preserving cultural and architectural values, the necessary infrastructures are provided for easier access, digital information, and better management of tourists. The use of tools such as guide applications, augmented reality, and smart systems can enrich and make the visitor experience more attractive. In addition to increasing tourist attraction, this process also contributes to economic prosperity, preserving cultural heritage, and the sustainability of historical context. The purpose of the present study is to examine the recreating of historical context in line with smart tourism. Case study: Bushehr city. The present study is theoretical-applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The ISM model method has been used to organize information and calculations in this study. In this study, first, by examining theoretical foundations and interviewing experts, key factors affecting the promotion of historical context were identified, and then, using the ISM model, causal and hierarchical relationships between these variables were developed. The research findings show that information technology infrastructure and spatial data governance, as underlying factors, play a decisive role in empowering other components, including enhancing the tourist experience and restoring physical-social sustainability. Finally, by identifying this pattern, a proposed strategic framework has been presented for transforming the historical context of Bushehr into a smart tourism destination that can, while preserving the authenticity of cultural heritage, pave the way for sustainable economic development and increasing the attractiveness of this context for domestic and international tourists. https://www.gahr.ir/article_252746.html The future of smart cities in the era of digital transformation is moving towards becoming “intelligent, predictive, and self-organizing” entities in which the boundary between physical space and digital layers is completely blurred using digital twin technologies and the Internet of Things. In this vision, urban management changes from a traditional and reactive approach to data-driven and predictive management, in which artificial intelligence analyzes urban flows to enable real-time management of traffic, energy, and resources. Also, by integrating concepts such as metaverse and mixed reality, citizens’ interaction with the urban environment will transform from a simple experience to an immersive and personalized experience, the ultimate goal of which is to improve the quality of life and achieve environmental sustainability. The purpose of the present study is to model futuristic smart cities in the era of digital transformation, case study: Tehran metropolis. In this study, the ISM model was used. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through library and field methods. The acceleration of digital transformations in modern urban planning requires system models to manage the complexities of metropolises such as Tehran in order to provide a platform for the realization of sustainable smart cities. The purpose of this research is to analyze the structure and explain the interrelationships between key components in the modeling of Tehran's urban smartization using "Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)" method. In this study, by identifying and screening effective indicators in the infrastructural, governance, technological, and social dimensions, a hierarchical pattern of causal relationships between variables has been extracted in order to determine the prioritization of strategic actions future this metropolis. https://www.gahr.ir/article_252747.html Social justice in the distribution of water and wastewater services means that access to safe water sources and sanitary wastewater disposal systems, as a fundamental right, should not be affected by the economic or geographical situation of citizens. Ultimately, achieving this justice is not the only solution to reducing urban inequalities, but is also a vital prerequisite for promoting public health, environmental sustainability, and preventing health crises in the entire urban fabric. The purpose of the present study is to assess social justice in the distribution of water and wastewater services in different urban areas, case study: Tehran metropolis. The MABAC method was used in this study. This study is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through library and field methods. With the aim of measuring the level of access to regions and identifying infrastructure gaps, this study uses the MABAC (Multi-Attractive Comparative Assessment) multi-criteria decision-making model to analyze and rank the 22 regions of Tehran. This method, by utilizing various technical, economic, and social indicators, calculates the distance of each region from the threshold, and depicts the true state of spatial justice in the urban service network. The findings of this study, in addition to accurately identifying underserved areas and explaining the extent of inequality, provide an efficient platform for policymakers to take an operational step towards realizing spatial justice and sustainable urban development by intelligently prioritizing resource allocation and infrastructure renovation. https://www.gahr.ir/article_252830.html Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate land use and vegetation changes using NDVI in two critical areas of Niatek and Jazink with an area of about 131,660 hectares in the southeast of Zabol, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province. This area includes a sector in the southeast to northwest direction that has 2 geomorphological units: plain and playa. One of the important objectives of this study is to provide appropriate solutions to minimize the damage caused by wind-blown debris hazards and its secondary damage in the sectors of facilities, agriculture, roads, and damage to the region. Methodology: The method of conducting this research was field surveys, aerial photographs, satellite images with different time periods, surveying the general morphology and winds of the region (The 120-day wind) and locating in terms of studying the geomorphology of the region. In this research, topographic maps, geological maps, computer software such as ENVI and GIS were used. Sampling of sediments (sedimentology and drawing relevant diagrams) and XRF (X-ray fluorescence) laboratory studies, comparative analysis and data analysis method has been done. Findings: According to the research results, 41% of the region's land has been added to barren lands, and the most significant changes are related to the conversion of water areas (equivalent to 12,581 hectares), wetland-forest mixtures (7,841.3), flooded agricultural lands equivalent to (3,073.22) hectares, and poor pastures (equivalent to 4,495.8 hectares) to this use. Other changes during this period include the destruction of 61% of flooded agricultural lands https://www.gahr.ir/article_253207.html Samarra, a historic and religious city in Iraq’s Salah al-Din Governorate, has experienced significant demographic, political, security, and physical transformations over the past two decades. This study examines land-cover changes and urban development in Samarra from 2000 to 2020 using Landsat satellite imagery, including TM and OLI/TIRS data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) were used to assess temporal changes in vegetation and built-up surfaces, while the unsupervised K-means algorithm was applied to classify land-use patterns in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. The results indicate a substantial increase in mean NDVI, from −0.025 in 2000 to −0.001 in 2010 and 0.212 in 2020, whereas mean NDBI decreased from 0.0261 to 0.0132 and −0.0332, respectively. A strong inverse relationship between the two indices was confirmed by a Pearson correlation coefficient of −0.936 and an R² of 0.876 at the 0.01 significance level. However, land-use classification revealed an approximately 85% decline in green spaces and 74% reduction in agricultural lands, alongside a 64% increase in built-up areas. Residential land use was the dominant category, accounting for 43.37%. These changes were associated with population growth, political and security instability after 2003, ISIS-related conflict, population displacement during 2014–2017, weak planning and regulatory control, and recurrent droughts. The decline in NDBI should not be interpreted solely as reduced urbanization or environmental improvement, as it also reflects wartime destruction and halted construction. The findings highlight the need to revise urban plans, protect remaining green spaces, and promote sustainable land management in Samarra. https://www.gahr.ir/article_253600.html Rapid urbanization, increasing dependence on private vehicles, and the resulting negative consequences have highlighted the necessity of reconsidering conventional urban development patterns and moving toward sustainable planning approaches. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), as one of the contemporary approaches in urban planning, aims to establish integration between land use, public transportation, and urban design by emphasizing principles such as appropriate density, land-use diversity, walkability, street connectivity, and reduced dependence on private automobiles. This study aims to evaluate the level of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) realization in District 1 of Ardabil Municipality and to examine the role of urban management in achieving this development approach. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The study employs documentary studies, spatial data analysis, spatial assessments, and multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Eight main components, including cycling, walkability, connectivity, land-use mix, density, compactness, modal shift, and urban management, were selected as the evaluation criteria. To assess the role of urban management, a questionnaire survey and the One-Sample T-Test were applied, while the Analytic Network Process (ANP) was used to determine the relative importance of the evaluation criteria. The findings indicate that District 1 of Ardabil Municipality possesses potentials such as concentration of urban activities, relative land-use diversity, and an appropriate spatial structure for moving toward TOD. However, the existing conditions still fall short of the desirable level in terms of several physical-spatial indicators. The results of urban management analysis demonstrate that this factor has a significant impact on TOD realization and was identified as the most important criterion in the ANP model. Accordingly, achieving Transit-Oriented Development in the study area requires an integrated urban management approach, improvement of pedestrian and cycling networks, strengthening the relationship between land use and public transportation, and modifying existing spatial patterns. https://www.gahr.ir/article_253620.html Social welfare in rural areas is considered one of the most important dimensions of sustainable development and is influenced by a combination of economic, social, service-related, and managerial factors. The present study aimed to analyze the dimensions of social welfare and to explain the role of influential indicators in rural settlements. The research was applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in nature. Data were collected through a field survey using structured questionnaires administered to rural households and local managers. The statistical population consisted of 380 rural households and 70 local managers. To measure social welfare, 57 items were developed under eight main indicators: social participation, quality of life, social security, adequate nutrition, employment and unemployment, knowledge and awareness, poverty and deprivation, and access to services. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the Friedman test, and the one-sample t-test. The results indicated that the measurement model of social welfare demonstrated an acceptable goodness-of-fit and that all relationships between indicators and the latent construct of social welfare were statistically significant. Among the indicators, poverty and deprivation exerted the strongest effect on social welfare, whereas access to services showed the weakest effect. The Friedman test revealed that among the dimensions of rural management, the social dimension had the greatest importance in enhancing social welfare. The findings of the one-sample t-test further indicated that several service, educational, and health-related components were in relatively unfavorable conditions. Overall, the findings emphasize the multidimensional nature of rural social welfare and highlight the necessity of simultaneously reducing poverty, strengthening social capital, improving rural management performance, and upgrading service infrastructures. https://www.gahr.ir/article_253679.html Smart city, as a new concept in urban management, seeks to improve the quality of life of citizens through the optimal use of information and communication technologies. Dilapidated urban fabric refers to areas of the city that do not have the necessary efficiency for residence and economic and social activities due to their age, dilapidated buildings, lack of compliance with construction standards, and lack of appropriate infrastructure. Resilience to natural disasters, which is the way in which the geographical, economic, institutional, etc. capacities of societies affect disasters, is one of the issues that must be addressed in every society. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of smartening dilapidated fabrics on the resilience of urban settlements. The ISM model was used in this study. This study is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through library and field methods. In this study, using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method, key components of smartization (such as digital infrastructure and data-driven management) and resilience indicators were identified and the causal and hierarchical relationships between them were extracted. The results of this analysis show that the deployment of smart infrastructures plays a driving and fundamental role in strengthening resilience by facilitating crisis management, increasing monitoring of physical quality, and promoting citizen participation. Finally, this research presents a conceptual model to explain the executive and strategic priorities for Kermanshah urban management for sustainable regeneration and risk reduction in degraded areas. https://www.gahr.ir/article_253748.html Technological developments and the expansion of urban data have forced traditional urban service management practices to move towards smart, data-driven, and predictive management. The quality of urban services, as one of the most important aspects of urban management performance, is influenced by several factors, including infrastructure quality, citizen demand, operational capacity, environmental conditions, spatial characteristics, and resource allocation. In the meantime, artificial intelligence with its ability to process large data, discover complex patterns, and predict future situations can pave the way for changing urban service management from a reactive to a predictive approach. The present study aimed to design an intelligent model for predicting and managing urban service quality based on artificial intelligence in the city of Ahvaz. The research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of method, and in the model design section, it is based on a systematic review of the literature and content analysis of related studies. In the first stage, the literature related to urban service quality, smart city, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data-driven management was reviewed. Then, the components affecting the quality of urban services and the requirements for the use of artificial intelligence were extracted and classified into conceptual dimensions. The analysis results showed that the smart model of urban service quality can be designed based on five main dimensions including data quality and integrity, artificial intelligence capabilities, spatial and environmental characteristics, managerial and operational capacity, and perceived quality and actual performance of services. Based on the proposed model, citizen, operational, spatial, environmental, and infrastructure data are entered into the system and, after processing, the probability of service quality decline is predicted using machine learning algorithms. Then, the prediction output is transferred to the management intervention prioritization system in the form of a spatial-temporal risk index. https://www.gahr.ir/article_253749.html Urban crisis management is considered one of the most important pillars of urban governance in the present era, and its importance has become more apparent than ever with the increase in urban population, the spread of natural and man-made hazards, and the complexity of urban infrastructure. Due to its exposure to hazards such as dust, seasonal floods, extreme heat waves, urban fires, and industrial accidents, the city of Ahvaz needs to utilize modern technologies to improve the efficiency of the crisis management system. The purpose of this research is to design a model for urban crisis management based on smart technologies with the approach of improving urban resilience in the city of Ahvaz. The present research is of an applied type and is conducted with a descriptive-analytical method. In the proposed model, technologies such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, big data, geographic information system, drones, and digital twins are examined as key tools for monitoring, predicting, decision-making, and coordinating crisis operations. It is expected that the results of the research show that the integrated use of smart technologies can increase the speed of response, improve the quality of decision-making, reduce losses, and improve urban resilience to crises. https://www.gahr.ir/article_253851.html In recent years, land-use planning has received significant attention as one of the key tools for regional development and spatial balance, particularly in less-developed regions. Despite the formulation and implementation of these documents in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, the process of achieving their objectives has faced serious challenges and obstacles. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the implementation requirements of the land-use planning document in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The research is applied in terms of objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The statistical population included 500 executive managers, decision-makers from governmental agencies, public and private institutions, and university professors specializing in spatial planning within the province, from which 217 individuals were selected as the sample using simple random sampling. Data collection tools included library studies and field surveys (questionnaires and interviews). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis, while structural analysis (MICMAC software) was employed to identify strategic drivers and develop foresight scenarios. The path analysis findings indicated that all four identified components significantly affect the assessment of implementation requirements for the land-use planning document. Specifically, the “structural” (0.841), “macro-environmental” (0.817), “institutional” (0.812), and “executive” (0.769) components were prioritized respectively by the experts. Furthermore, the results of the MICMAC analysis reveal that variables such as the lack of a comprehensive database, political interventions, budgetary constraints, the absence of a unified monitoring and evaluation system, technological weaknesses, administrative corruption, and managerial instabilities due to government turnovers are the key strategic variables hindering the realization of the province’s land-use planning requirements. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254276.html This research is designed to examine the factors contributing to the enhancement of tourists' stay experiences and their role in the marketing of eco-lodges in East Azerbaijan Province. The present study is applied in terms of objective and quantitative in terms of methodology. Library research and questionnaires were employed for data collection. The participating population consisted of tourists who had stayed at eco-lodges in East Azerbaijan Province. Descriptive and inferential findings derived from the analysis of questionnaires completed by 384 tourists revealed that interaction with the local community, environmental conservation, and service innovation have a positive and significant effect on improving tourists' stay experiences, accounting for 55.3% of the variance in stay experience. Furthermore, the use of social media and staff training significantly influenced tourist attraction and satisfaction, while memorable experiences—both cultural and environmental—played a key role in achieving competitive differentiation and the sustainable development of eco-lodges. From the tourists’ perspective, the hospitality of the local community, access to natural attractions, and the memorability of the stay experience stand out as primary strengths; however, high-quality digital content and online user reviews exert a strong influence on accommodation choice, underscoring the need for investment in professional digital marketing. Overall, although the province's eco-lodges have been relatively successful in delivering a positive experience, attaining a sustained competitive advantage requires targeted planning aimed at enhancing environmental sustainability, fostering cultural engagement with the local community, and developing an integrated digital marketing strategy. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254608.html The present study aimed to identify the geographical factors affecting the sustainable development of weightlifting in Iraq, with an emphasis on demand management and spatial capacities. The study was applied in terms of purpose and employed a qualitative approach using thematic analysis. The study population consisted of sport management professors, environmental science professors and experts, presidents of the Iraqi Weightlifting Federation, and expert managers of sports facilities in Iraq. The participants were selected from the study population using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 experts, with the interviews continuing until theoretical saturation was reached. The quality of the study was assessed based on the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The reliability of the study, measured using the intra-coder agreement method, was 89%. The findings revealed that the geographical factors affecting the sustainable development of weightlifting in Iraq were categorized into 168 key points, 48 concepts, 14 subcategories, and 7 main categories: geographical capacity and spatial characteristics; spatial distribution and accessibility to facilities; demand management and athletes’ needs; infrastructural capacity and quality of sports facilities; resource management and development support; green management and environmental requirements in sport; and governance and sustainable development planning. The sustainable development of weightlifting in Iraq requires simultaneous attention to geographical capacities, resource management, and compliance with environmental requirements. Accordingly, the targeted utilization of the spatial and geographical capacities of different regions of Iraq, together with their alignment with athletes’ needs and sustainable development requirements, can contribute to a balanced distribution of facilities, improvement of sports service quality, and the creation of an appropriate foundation for the sustainable development of weightlifting in the country. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254622.html This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of smart urban furniture in advancing sustainable development and strengthening social sustainability within District 8 of the Tabriz Municipality. In the contemporary era, cities face escalating challenges regarding environmental, economic, and social sustainability. Smart urban furniture, as a modern innovation in urban planning, holds significant potential to address these challenges and enhance the quality of urban life. Utilizing a descriptive-survey research methodology, this study examines the relationship between smart furniture components and the dimensions of sustainable development (environmental and economic) and social sustainability. The statistical population comprised all residents of Tabriz’s District 8, with a sample size of 384 determined via the Cochran formula. Data were collected through standardized Likert 5-point scale questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicate relatively high mean scores for smart furniture components (M = 4.1) and social sustainability (M = 3.8). Furthermore, environmental (M = 3.5) and economic (M = 3.2) sustainable development dimensions were found to be at acceptable levels. Key findings reveal a significant correlation between smart furniture and social sustainability at a 95% confidence level ( 𝑝 < 0.05 p<0.05 ). Additionally, regression analysis demonstrated that smart furniture accounts for 45% of the variance in environmental sustainable development and 38% of the variance in economic sustainable development. These results underscore the importance and necessity of investing in and developing smart urban furniture infrastructures to achieve sustainable development goals and enhance urban social cohesion and stability. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254692.html Medical tourism is one of the rapidly growing sectors of the tourism industry, in which the satisfaction of foreign patients plays an important role in its development and continuity. This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the factors affecting the enhancement of foreign medical tourists’ satisfaction in Ahvaz. In terms of methodology, the study is descriptive-analytical and, in terms of purpose, applied. The statistical population consisted of medical tourists visiting healthcare centers in Ahvaz. The data were analyzed using SPSS, Excel, and LISREL software, employing Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. The mean scores of tourists’ perceptions of security and trust, effective communication and mutual cultural understanding, and cost-effectiveness were 3.80, 3.77, and 3.55, respectively. The structural equation model demonstrated a satisfactory fit, and the three independent variables explained 68% of the variance in satisfaction. All three factors had positive and significant effects on satisfaction. Security and trust had the strongest effect (β = 0.418), followed by effective communication and cultural understanding (β = 0.342), and cost-effectiveness (β = 0.215). Therefore, security and trust constitute the most important factor influencing the satisfaction of foreign medical tourists in Ahvaz. Overall, the satisfaction of foreign medical tourists in Ahvaz is primarily dependent on their sense of security and trust. Effective communication and mutual cultural understanding, followed by cost-effectiveness, also play significant roles in enhancing satisfaction. Therefore, the development of medical tourism in Ahvaz requires strengthening safety standards, increasing trust in healthcare centers, training staff in intercultural communication, and providing transparent and cost-effective medical and accommodation services. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254750.html Public spaces in urban neighborhoods are primary settings for social interaction, livability, and civic life. Residents’ presence in these spaces depends on sensory perceptions, environmental comfort, and vitality, while acoustic perception and soundscape experience play a key role in shaping citizens’ mental images and persistence in open spaces. Rapid urban development and morphological transformations have disrupted the ecological and physical balance of neighborhoods, exposing soundscapes to continuous traffic noise and acoustic disturbances. This can reduce residents’ psychological resilience, deteriorate micro-spaces for pause and rest, and ultimately decrease public presence. Accordingly, this study assessed the effectiveness of the physical structure and vegetation cover of urban neighborhoods in influencing residents’ acoustic perception and presence in public spaces. A mixed-methods (quantitative–qualitative) approach was adopted. In terms of purpose, the study was fundamental and exploratory, while data collection followed a descriptive-survey design. The study population comprised 22 experts who completed a questionnaire developed through documentary content analysis and Delphi survey. Indicators extracted through the Delphi stages were analyzed in SPSS using Q-factor analysis, weighted mean, and standard deviation. The results identified eight factors related to neighborhood physical structure and vegetation cover that influence residents’ acoustic perception and presence, ranked by priority as follows: physical organization and soundscape; urban image and environmental equipment; acoustic modifiers and material quality; spatial configuration and accessibility; environmental comfort; green density and collective acoustic perception; physical continuity and vegetation diversity; and enclosure and spatial boundaries. Among the indicators, vegetation cover, with a value of 91.7, and the area of spaces, number of trees, and neighborhood population density, with a weighted mean of 59.7, had the highest weighted means and greatest influence on residents’ acoustic perception and presence in urban public spaces, according to the experts. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254757.html This study aims to investigate the barriers to the development of water-based tourism in Ahvaz and examine the mediating role of river environmental quality. The study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The statistical population consisted of citizens aged 20 years and older in Ahvaz. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 383 respondents was selected. Data were analyzed using statistical tests, including the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM), using SPSS and SmartPLS software. The mediating role of river environmental quality was examined using the bootstrapping method. The results indicated that the measurement model had an acceptable fit and satisfactory validity and reliability. The findings showed that five groups of barriers—including institutional-managerial, environmental, physical-spatial, economic-investment, and socio-cultural barriers—had significant negative effects on the development of water-based tourism in Ahvaz. Among these, environmental barriers, with the highest path coefficient (-0.200), were identified as the primary impediment. Furthermore, river environmental quality, with a path coefficient of 0.480, was identified as the most important driving factor and was found to have a partial mediating role in the relationship between barriers and water-based tourism development. The results indicate that the development of water-based tourism in Ahvaz requires an integrated approach involving continuous environmental monitoring, riverbank management, improved safety, and greater participation of the local community. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254810.html This study aims to analyze the economic, social, cultural, and psychological factors, alongside population governance, that influence childbearing intentions in the village of Mahmoudabad (Khodabandeh County), adopting a population governance framework. The research employs a mixed-methods design; the quantitative phase utilized a structured questionnaire administered to 230 households (determined via Cochran’s formula), while the qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 15 local key informants. Findings from the multivariate regression analysis (R² = 0.62) indicate that economic factors (housing costs, education expenses, and job insecurity) and psychological factors (child-rearing concerns and attitudes toward the future) contribute most significantly to the reduction in childbearing intentions. Furthermore, the assessment of population governance across three dimensions—service implementation quality, institutional trust, and access to support policies—revealed that weaknesses in all three components hinder the translation of national policies into local-level behaviors. Thematic analysis in the qualitative phase further highlighted the roles of inadequate local service delivery, a lack of support policies, and a value shift from quantity to quality in child-rearing. The results suggest that the decline in fertility in this region is the result of a multi-level interaction between economic structures, social transformations, and weaknesses in population governance. Therefore, enhancing population governance at the local level necessitates strengthening economic infrastructure, increasing institutional trust, and addressing the psychological dimensions of families. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254847.html آینده‌نگاری راهبردی فراتر از یک پیش‌بینی ساده، فرآیندی سیستماتیک و فعال برای شناسایی فرصت‌ها و تهدیدهای بالقوه در افق‌های زمانی دور و نزدیک است. در حوزه برنامه‌ریزی شهری، این رویکرد با فرارفتن از مدیریت بحران‌های لحظه‌ای و حرکت به سمت طراحی سناریوهای جایگزین، به برنامه‌ریزان اجازه می‌دهد تا با نگاهی پیش‌دستانه، مسیر توسعه شهر را از حالت واکنش‌گرا به حالت کنش‌گرایانه تغییر دهند. در واقع، این فرآیند با کاهش عدم قطعیت‌های آینده، بستری برای تدوین سیاست‌های منعطف و پایداری فراهم می‌آورد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل نقش آینده نگاری راهبردی در برنامه ریزی شهری مطالعه موردی: شهر قزوین می باشد. در این پژوهش از مدل ISM استفاده شده است. این پژوهش ازنظر هدف، کاربردی - نظری و ازنظر روش، توصیفی– تحلیلی است. اطلاعات و داده های موردنیاز از طریق روش کتابخانه ای و میدانی جمع آوری شده است. در این راستا، از مدل ساختاری تفسیری (ISM) جهت شناسایی، اولویت‌بندی و تعیین روابط سلسله‌مراتبی میان عوامل کلیدی تأثیرگذار بر آینده شهری استفاده شده است. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که با درک ساختار وابستگی‌ها میان این عوامل، می‌توان استراتژی‌های برنامه‌ریزی را از حالت سنتی به سمت رویکردهای آینده‌نگرانه سوق داد که منجر به ارتقای تاب‌آوری و پایداری در توسعه شهری شهر قزوین می‌گردد. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254848.html Financial resilience is one of the basic requirements for the continuity of public services and the implementation of urban development programs in conditions of economic fluctuation and income uncertainty. Due to the continuous nature of a significant part of their expenses, municipalities become vulnerable to economic shocks and income reductions if they are highly dependent on unstable sources. The aim of the present study is to present a financial resilience model for the Ahvaz municipality budget with an emphasis on reducing dependence on unstable income. The study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and documentary in terms of method. The research data were extracted and analyzed from theoretical literature, domestic and foreign studies, municipal financial laws, and published information about the Ahvaz municipality budget in the period 1400 to 1405. In the empirical part, the trend of budget changes, revenue realization, current and development structure, and the characteristics of income sources were examined. The findings showed that the approved budget of Ahvaz municipality increased from 3574 billion tomans in 1400 to 30200 billion tomans in 1405; Therefore, during this period, there is a significant nominal growth in the size of the budget. Despite this growth, the available evidence shows that increasing the budget volume alone is not equivalent to increasing financial resilience, because the quality and predictability of resources, the composition of revenues, the ability to collect receivables, and the flexibility of expenditures play a decisive role. In 1400, only 67.8 percent of the approved budget was covered by realized revenues, and a significant part of the realized revenues consisted of value-added taxes, pollution taxes, and urban development taxes. https://www.gahr.ir/article_254849.html In the field of modern urban management, the concept of a smart city seeks to optimize the performance of infrastructures and improve the quality of life of citizens by utilizing new technologies such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics. In the meantime, sustainable maintenance of urban facilities is achieved by transitioning from traditional “repair after failure” methods to predictive and preventive maintenance methods. In a smart city, sensors installed on facilities (such as water, electricity, and waste management networks) send real-time data on the health status of equipment, which allows for continuous monitoring, reducing operating costs, preventing premature wear, and ensuring the continuity of urban services with minimal damage to the environment. The aim of the present study is to analyze the synergy between a smart city and sustainable maintenance of urban facilities (case study: Ahvaz metropolis). In this study, the fuzzy Delphi model was used. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through library and field methods. The fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify and prioritize key factors in order to manage uncertainty in the opinions of experts and increase the accuracy of determining priorities. The research findings show that integrating smart technologies into maintenance processes can lead to optimizing resource consumption and enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructures in Ahvaz city in the face of environmental and operational challenges.