Introduction and Objective: Considering the critical importance of children's mental health and the impact of residential environments on it, this research provides a comparative analysis of design principles for residential complexes in traditional and modern Iranian architecture. In today's world, addressing children's psychological needs and creating suitable spaces for their growth and development are recognized as social and cultural priorities. Residential space design should not only fulfill physical needs but also contribute to the mental and social well-being of children. The primary goal of this study is to examine the effects of open and green spaces, shared spaces, appropriate lighting and ventilation, and the use of natural materials and colors in residential complex design on children's mental health. By identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these two architectural approaches, this study aims to propose solutions for improving modern designs.

Methodology: This research employs both qualitative and quantitative methods, including a review of scientific literature, field studies of traditional and modern residential complexes, and interviews with experts and architects. Data are presented descriptively and analytically.

Findings: The findings indicate that open and green spaces in traditional designs enhance physical activity and reduce stress in children, whereas their scarcity in modern architecture leads to decreased activity levels and increased psychological tension. Additionally, shared spaces in traditional designs foster social interactions and communication skills, aspects that are often neglected in modern architecture. Furthermore, natural lighting, materials, and soft color palettes positively impact children's mental health.

Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the importance of integrating traditional design principles into modern architecture. Architects are encouraged to incorporate open and green spaces, shared spaces, natural lighting, and natural materials in residential complex designs to enhance children's mental health.