The agricultural sector in Iran, despite its progress and its vital role in food security, employment generation, exports, food industries, as well as the supply of raw materials, etc., faces challenges such as land fragmentation, environmental degradation, and unsustainable exploitation systems that affect production, rural development, employment, and food security. Agricultural exploitation systems, which form the basis of Iranian agriculture, are influenced by natural and human conditions and political decisions. History shows that agriculture was formed to meet human needs and, in the face of challenges and developments, has suffered from inconsistencies between large and small units. In order to improve agricultural exploitation systems, it is important to pay attention to the economic, social, and environmental dimensions, as well as the sustainability of these systems. This article, which was prepared in a review method using library resources and Internet sites, examines different agricultural exploitation systems, expressing their dimensions, challenges, and impact on the agricultural sector.