The pursuit of resilient and inclusive rural transformation remains an elusive goal, persistently undermined by fragmented policy paradigms that treat social protection, local governance, and economic innovation as discrete, rather than interdependent, systems. Confronted with the polycrisis of climate change, precarious livelihood transitions, and entrenched inequalities, a radical reconceptualization is imperative. This paper develops and substantiates a novel Synergistic Integration Framework, arguing that sustainable transformation is an emergent property of the deliberate and dynamic interplay between three foundational pillars: (i) transformative social protection, which expands human capabilities and de-risks investment; (ii) empowered participatory governance, which legitimizes development action and mobilizes community assets; and (iii) innovation-driven entrepreneurship, which catalyzes economic diversification and spatial spillovers. Employing a systematic integrative review methodology, we synthesize global empirical evidence—from the social protection-climate nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa (Kangasniemi et al., 2025) and participatory governance experiments in Canada (Jamal & Gordon, 2024) to the spatial dynamics of farmer entrepreneurship in China (Pan et al., 2024). Our analysis reveals critical limitations within each pillar when operating in isolation: social protection’s impact is capped by low coverage, participatory models suffer from institutional precarity, and entrepreneurial gains are heterogeneously distributed. The framework’s core contribution lies in elucidating the synergistic mechanisms that arise from their integration: governance structures tailor protection to enable entrepreneurial activity; social protection stabilizes households, allowing for meaningful civic participation and risk-taking; and successful entrepreneurship strengthens local fiscal and social capital, reinforcing the entire system. We conclude with targeted, multi-scalar policy imperatives for designing integrated "Rural Resilience Systems," advocating for nationally coherent policies that empower meso-level institutions to orchestrate this synergy, thereby charting a coherent pathway for achieving the SDGs in complex rural landscapes.