The resilience of rural livelihoods in mountainous areas exposed to environmental hazards is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. The present study aimed to identify and analyze the factors affecting the resilience and sustainability of rural livelihoods in Horand County in the face of environmental constraints (such as drought and soil erosion). The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature with a survey approach. The statistical population of the study included heads of households living in villages with more than 50 households in Horand County, which were selected using the Krejci and Morgan table, with 384 people as the sample size and selected using the stratified random sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), the validity and reliability of which were confirmed. Data processing was carried out using an exploratory factor analysis test in the SPSS software environment. The findings led to the extraction of 6 key factors that explain a total of 62.46% of the total variance of resilience changes. These factors include, in order of priority, “family psychological and motivational capital” (with the highest factor loading), “productive capacity and livelihood innovation”, “institutional trust and rituals”, “civic responsibility”, “support networks” and “dual fundamental trust”. The results show that in the ecological context of Horand, resilience is a multidimensional construct in which psychological and social components (such as hope for the future and traditional solidarity) are important along with technical and economic infrastructure. Therefore, development strategies should focus on combining psychological empowerment with economic diversification.