The aim of this research is to analyze the factors affecting the food security of rural households in the Arasbaran region, with an applied and descriptive-analytical approach. In the second phase of the research, structural equation modeling (SEM) and PLS software were used to develop the tool and analyze the data. The statistical population included rural households in the counties of Ahar, Kleiber, Horand, and Khodaafrin in the Arasbaran region, and a sample of 272 people was selected using random sampling method and based on the Krejci-Morgan table. The validity of the tools was measured through content and face validity and their reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the analysis showed that productivity in agricultural production, the quality of transportation infrastructure, and access to financial facilities are the most important components affecting the food security of rural households in the Arasbaran region. Increasing agricultural productivity, by optimizing the use of resources and new technologies, leads to reduced costs and increased access to food. Efficient transport infrastructure also improves farmers' income by facilitating access to markets and reducing waste. Also, access to financial facilities enables investment in modern agriculture and resilience to economic shocks. This research also emphasizes the critical role of government policies and supports in strengthening the economic and social capabilities of households and improving the quality and diversity of agricultural products. The findings are consistent with the research background and show that targeted government supports, along with infrastructure development and access to resources, can significantly improve food security and livelihood sustainability in rural areas.