The rapid expansion of marginalization in metropolitan areas and the continuation of the cycle of deprivation in underprivileged villages (with an emphasis on the Sistan region) are a reflection of the inefficiency of the spatial planning system in Iran. This study aims to present an analytical model of the role of non-governmental organizations as intermediate actors in empowering these two geographical areas, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on an in-depth documentary and library study, to examine the background, mechanisms of action, and theoretical framework of these institutions. The findings show that despite the differences in urban and rural contexts, non-governmental organizations mainly operate through three key mechanisms: social capacity building, institutional facilitation, and the production and redistribution of social capital. In urban informal settlements, the focus is on social reconnection and creating collective agency to influence urban governance; Meanwhile, in the deprived villages of Sistan, the role of these institutions is focused on integrated management of natural resources in drought conditions, diversifying livelihoods, and increasing ecological-social resilience.

By drawing an integrated conceptual model using NET DRAW software, the article explains the dynamic interaction between "macro-supportive structures", "non-governmental organizations as the central core", "four local capitals", and "development outputs" in the form of a positive feedback system. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the transition from sectoral and cross-sectional approaches to an "integrated neighborhood-based development model" relying on the potential of non-governmental organizations is not only possible, but also an inevitable necessity for the realization of spatial justice and territorial sustainability.