Livability and population retention in rural settlements constitute key concerns in human and rural geography, particularly in the context of sustainable rural development. Livability, as a multidimensional and spatially differentiated concept, plays a fundamental role in improving the quality of life and strengthening population stability in rural areas. This study seeks to analyze the spatial level of livability in the rural settlements of Dasht-e Arzhan Rural District, located in Shiraz County, and to examine its relationship with population retention tendencies among rural residents. The research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive–analytical methodology. The study area comprises eight villages within the rural district, from which 160 rural households were selected using a sampling framework. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to evaluate spatial variations in livability and its effects on population retention. The findings reveal that the overall level of livability in the rural settlements of Dasht-e Arzhan Rural District is below the average level, with statistically significant spatial disparities among the villages. Dasht-e Arzhan village demonstrates the highest level of livability, while the villages of Bardkhorma, Bidghatar, and Moradabad exhibit comparatively lower levels. With regard to population retention, the results indicate that residents’ willingness to remain in rural settlements is relatively favorable and above the average level. Furthermore, the analysis confirms a positive and statistically significant relationship between livability and population retention in rural areas. Among the livability indicators, transportation accessibility, rural landscape and visual quality, housing conditions, and leisure and recreational facilities exert the strongest influence on population retention. These findings highlight the importance of spatially balanced development policies aimed at enhancing livability as a means of sustaining rural populations.