Achieving sustainable development in rural settlements faces numerous structural, climatic, and economic challenges, necessitating a re-evaluation of livelihood patterns. This study aims to assess the status of sustainable livelihoods and analyze the role of the five capitals (natural, physical, human, social, and financial) in the rural settlements of Abhar County. The research is applied in nature and follows a descriptive-analytical methodology with a quantitative approach. The statistical population consists of 2,370 residents from five selected villages in the central district of Abhar County: Cheshin, Abbasabad, Ghafasabad, Meymandareh, and Ghezeljeh. A sample size of 330 participants was determined using the Cochran formula and selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection was conducted via a researcher-designed questionnaire based on a Likert scale, with its validity confirmed by experts and reliability verified by a Cronbach's alpha coefficient exceeding 0.8. Data analysis was performed using one-sample T-tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression. The findings indicate that the mean of total livelihood capitals is 2.85, situating the region at a moderate or "fragile sustainability" level. Among the studied areas, Ghafasabad village (3.01) exhibited the most stable status, while Ghezeljeh (2.70) was identified as the most unstable. Regression results revealed that financial and physical capitals, with standardized beta coefficients of 0.34 and 0.29 respectively, exert the greatest influence on the overall livelihood index. Conversely, natural, human, and social capitals were evaluated as significantly below the desirable threshold of 3. The general conclusion suggests that livelihoods in the region are in a "transitional state"; achieving genuine sustainability requires the diversification of economic activities, integrated water resource management, and the enhancement of social and human capitals.