Security occupies a special position among the various human needs, to the extent that, in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, it ranks second only to physiological needs. Therefore, urban planners and designers have consistently sought to create conditions that enhance citizens’ sense of security within urban spaces. Among these spaces, green areas and urban parks are considered some of the most important public environments. Strengthening the sense of security in such spaces can increase citizens’ presence, interaction, and participation in social activities. Accordingly, the present study aims to examine the level of social security perceived by elderly people in Koodak Park in Hamedan, with particular emphasis on three indicators: verbal harassment, physical harassment, and visual harassment.



In terms of purpose, this research is applied, while its methodology is descriptive-analytical. The required data were collected through both library research and field surveys using questionnaires. The study sample consisted of 50 participants selected through the snowball sampling method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software through the application of the one-sample t-test and the Friedman non-parametric test.



To assess the desirability level of security in Koodak Park from the perspective of the elderly, a one-sample t-test was employed. The results indicated that verbal harassment was perceived to be at a safer-than-average level, physical harassment was at an average (neutral) level, and visual harassment was at a less secure than average (critical) level. Furthermore, the Friedman non-parametric test was used to determine the relative contribution of each indicator to the formation of insecurity. The findings revealed that the visual indicator, with a mean rank of 2.78, had the greatest impact on creating a sense of insecurity. This was followed by the physical indicator with a mean rank of 1.90, while the verbal indicator, with a mean rank of 1.32, had the least influence.